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Harrapan NS Flashcards

1
Q

Harappan Civilization: Time Period

A

The Harappan Civilization, also known as the Indus Valley Civilization, flourished between 2500 BCE and 1750 BCE.

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2
Q

Extent of Harappan Civilization

A

The civilization extended from Sutkagen Dor (Baluchistan) in the west to Alamgirpur (Uttar Pradesh) in the east, and from Manda (Jammu & Kashmir) in the north to Daimabad (Maharashtra) in the south.

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3
Q

Town Planning System

A

The Harappan cities followed a rectangular grid pattern, with roads running north-south and east-west, intersecting at right angles.

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4
Q

Division of Cities

A

Harappan cities were divided into two sections:
\n1. Citadel (Western Part) – Administrative and religious structures.
\n2. Lower Town (Eastern Part) – Residential and commercial buildings.

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5
Q

Use of Burnt Bricks

A

Harappans used burnt mud bricks of standardized dimensions, bound together with gypsum mortar.

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6
Q

Drainage System

A

Each house had a covered drainage system, connected to larger public drains with inspection holes for cleaning.

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7
Q

The Great Bath

A

Found in Mohenjo-Daro, the Great Bath had waterproof brickwork, suggesting it was used for ritualistic bathing.

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8
Q

Granaries in Harappa

A

Massive granaries with air ducts for ventilation, built on raised platforms to prevent flooding.

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9
Q

Houses in Harappa

A

Houses were rectangular, made of burnt bricks, and had multiple rooms, wells, and courtyards.

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10
Q

Public Buildings

A

Large structures like assembly halls, granaries, and public baths suggest a well-organized administrative system.

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11
Q

Harappan Wells

A

Many houses had private wells, while public wells were placed at strategic locations.

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12
Q

Underground Drains

A

The Harappans built underground drains covered with bricks, connected to every household.

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13
Q

Seals in Harappan Civilization

A

Made of steatite, seals often depicted animals, script, and religious motifs.

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14
Q

Harappan Script

A

The script was pictographic, written right to left, and remains undeciphered.

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15
Q

Famous Harappan Seals

A

The Pashupati Seal from Mohenjo-Daro depicts a three-faced figure, believed to be an early form of Shiva.

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16
Q

Use of Faience

A

Harappans manufactured faience beads, bangles, and figurines, indicating knowledge of advanced technology.

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17
Q

Bronze Casting Technique

A

Used lost-wax casting for making bronze sculptures, such as the famous Dancing Girl of Mohenjo-Daro.

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18
Q

Dancing Girl Statue

A

A 4-inch bronze figurine, depicting a young girl with one hand on her hip and adorned with bangles.

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19
Q

Bearded Priest Statue

A

A soapstone figure found at Mohenjo-Daro, featuring trefoil patterns on a shawl, possibly representing a high priest.

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20
Q

Male Torso Sculpture

A

A red sandstone sculpture from Harappa, featuring naturalistic modeling of muscles.

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21
Q

Terracotta Figurines

A

Terracotta figures of mother goddesses, animals, and carts suggest the importance of fertility worship and transport.

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22
Q

Harappan Pottery

A

Harappan pottery was red or black, well-fired, and often decorated with geometric patterns and animal motifs.

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23
Q

Ornaments in Harappan Civilization

A

Men and women wore gold, silver, copper, faience, and semi-precious stone jewelry.

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24
Q

Trade and Economy

A

Harappans traded with Mesopotamia, Afghanistan, and Persia, exporting copper, textiles, and beads.

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25
Dockyard at Lothal
Lothal in Gujarat had a **rectangular dockyard**, indicating knowledge of **maritime trade**.
26
Fire Altars in Kalibangan
Kalibangan had **brick-lined fire altars**, suggesting the practice of **ritualistic fire worship.**
27
Bead-Making Industry
Harappans excelled in **bead-making**, especially in **Chanhudaro**, producing **agate, carnelian, and faience beads.**
28
Metal Artifacts
Artifacts made from **copper, bronze, lead, and tin**, indicating **advanced metallurgy.**
29
Harappan Tools
Tools made of **stone, copper, and bronze**, including **chisels, saws, and knives.**
30
Faience Objects
Faience was used to make **beads, bangles, and small figurines**, showing **early glazing techniques.**
31
Harappan Burial Practices
Burials followed a **north-south orientation**, with **grave goods placed alongside the dead.**
32
Rakhigarhi: Largest Harappan Site
Rakhigarhi in Haryana is the **largest known Harappan site**, larger than Mohenjo-Daro.
33
Dholavira’s Unique Water System
Dholavira (Gujarat) had an advanced **rainwater harvesting system** with **water reservoirs**.
34
Decline of Harappan Civilization
Reasons include **climate change, shifting rivers, decline in trade, and possibly Aryan invasion.**
35
Tools and Implements
Harappans used **chisels, hammers, axes, and knives** made of **copper and bronze.**
36
Use of Cotton
Harappans were the **earliest known cultivators of cotton**, used for textiles.
37
Measuring Units
Harappans had **standardized weights and measures**, made from **chert and limestone.**
38
Religious Practices
Practices included **worship of Mother Goddess, Pashupati, and sacred animals.**
39
Animal Depictions
Seals depicted **unicorns, bulls, tigers, elephants, and composite creatures.**
40
Absence of Temples
Unlike later civilizations, the Harappans had **no large temples**, indicating a **different religious structure.**
41
Harappan Chessboard Streets
The **grid-based street planning** suggests high-level **urban organization.**
42
Storage Jars and Containers
Large storage jars were used for **grain storage, water, and trade goods.**
43
Toy-Making Industry
Harappans made **terracotta toys, including wheeled carts, animals, and figurines.**
44
Unique Features of Dholavira
Unlike other Harappan cities, Dholavira had **three divisions instead of two: Citadel, Middle Town, and Lower Town.**
45
Mystery of Harappan Script
Despite numerous attempts, the **Harappan script remains undeciphered.**
46
Possible Evidence of Writing
Some scholars suggest Harappan symbols were used for **administration, trade, or religious inscriptions.**
47
Presence of Fortifications
Many Harappan cities, including **Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa, and Dholavira**, were **fortified with massive walls.**
48
Plumbing and Sanitation
Houses had **connected drains and soak pits**, showcasing early advancements in **urban sanitation.**
49
Harappa (Pakistan)
Located on the **Ravi River**. Key findings: **Granaries, lingam & yoni symbols, mother goddess sculpture, wheat & barley in wooden mortar, dice, copper scale & mirror, red sandstone male torso, bronze sculpture of dog chasing a deer.**
50
Mohenjo-daro (Pakistan)
Located on the **Indus River**. Key findings: **Citadel, Great Bath, Great Granary, post-cremation burial, bearded priest sculpture, bronze Dancing Girl statue, Pashupati Seal.**
51
Dholavira (Gujarat)
Latest IVC city discovered. Key findings: **Giant water reservoir, unique water harnessing system, stadium, dams & embankments, inscription with 10 large-sized signs.**
52
Lothal (Gujarat)
Known as **Manchester of IVC**. Key findings: **Dockyard, rice husk, fire altars, painted jar, modern-day chess, terracotta figures of horse & ship, measuring instruments (45°, 90°, 180°), burial of cremated remains.**
53
Rakhigarhi (Haryana)
Largest IVC site, called **Provincial Capital of Harappan Civilisation**. Key findings: **Granary, cemetery, drains, terracotta bricks.**
54
Ropar (Punjab)
First Harappan site excavated in **independent India**. Key findings: **Dog buried with human (oval pit burial), copper axe.**
55
Balathal & Kalibangan (Rajasthan)
Key findings: **Bangle factory, toy carts, camel bones, plough, decorated bricks, citadel & lower town, fire altars.**
56
Surkotada (Gujarat)
First site with **actual remains of horse bones**.
57
Banawali (Haryana)
Located on **dried Saraswati River**. Key findings: **Toy plough, barley grains, lapis lazuli, fire altars, oval-shaped settlement, radial streets.**
58
Alamgirpur (Uttar Pradesh)
**Easternmost IVC site**, located on the **Yamuna River**. Key findings: **Copper blade, ceramic items, cloth impression on a trough.**
59
Mehrgarh (Pakistan)
Considered a **precursor to the IVC**. Key findings: **Pottery, copper tools.**
60
Chanhudaro (Pakistan)
Known as **Lancashire of India**, **only IVC city without a citadel**. Key findings: **Bead-making factory, use of lipsticks. specialised drills**
61
Kot Diji (Pakistan)
Key findings: **Tar, statues of bull & mother goddess.**
62
Suktagandor (Pakistan)
**Westernmost IVC site**. Key findings: **Clay bangles.**
63
Balu (Haryana)
Key findings: **Earliest evidence of garlic, various plant remains.**
64
Daimabad (Maharashtra)
**Southernmost IVC site**. Key findings: **Bronze sculptures, Bronze Chariot.**
65
Kerala-no-dhoro (Gujarat)
Key findings: **Salt production center of IVC.**
66
Kot Bala (Pakistan)
Key findings: **Earliest evidence of furnace.**
67
Mand (Jammu & Kashmir)
**Northernmost IVC site.**
68
Other Important IVC Sites
**Mehrgarh (Pakistan), Desalpur (Gujarat), Pabumath (Gujarat), Rangpur (Gujarat), Shikarpur (Gujarat), Sanauli (Uttar Pradesh), Kunal (Haryana), Karanpura (Rajasthan), Ganeriwala (Pakistan).**
69
Shortughai (Afghanistan)
evidence of irrigation in the form of traces of canal has been found here lapis lazuli (blue stone) also found here

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