Term Test 2 Review Flashcards
What is the primary consequence of increased capillary permeability in context of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)?
Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema
In the management of cold injuries, what is the recommended approach to dressing digits?
Dress digits separately
What category of medications does aspirin belong to?
Antiplatelet
What is the primary focus in the management of a patient in a severely frozen state?
Preventing further heat loss and early transport
How do short-acting bronchodilators act on the airway during an asthma attack?
By relaxing the bronchial smooth muscle
What class of medication is Dimenhydrinate?
Antihistamine
In a drowning pt. what can result from aspirated water?
- Hypoxia
- Decreased lung compliance
- Atelectasis
- Loss of surfactant
What groups does drowning most likely impact?
- Youth <5 years of age
- Males with drug or alcohol intoxication
- Disorders that cause LOC
What term describes the following:
“The combined effect of the medications is significantly greater than the expected sum of their individual effects.”
Synergism
What is the likely cause of the following symptoms:
1. Excessive salivation
2. Lacrimation
3. Blurred vision
4. Muscle weakness
Cholinergic toxicity
Where is the body’s thermoregulatory center primarily located?
Hypothalamus (anterior)
What is the primary cause of Bends in divers?
Gas diffusion into tissues
True or false:
Bradycardia may occur as a protective measure in the event of severe hypothermia
True
What is the body temperature threshold for severe hypothermia?
< 30 Degrees Celsius
You have a medication list provided to you by a patient who states they have COPD and NIDDM. What are some examples of medication that you could expect to see of the medication list?
- Albuterol
- Salbutamol
- Metformin
What type of neurons are most likely affected in a patient experiencing impaired involuntary movement in the upper extremities?
Motor neurons
What patient population is the mammalian diving reflex most prevalent in?
Children
Why are geriatric patients more susceptible to cardiac complications, like MI’s?
Due to hypertrophy of the heart and arterial thickening
What is osteoarthritis?
A progressive disease process of the joints resulting in the destruction of cartilage
True or false:
In a patient displaying an altered mental status, seizures and an ECG that reveals widened QRS complexes, albuterol is most likely responsible for the patient’s presentation?
False, the correct answer is Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)
What is the normal core temperature of the human body?
37 Degrees Celsius
Beta blockers are commonly used to treat which condition?
Hypertension
Which patient population is more susceptible to classic heat stroke due to comorbidities and prolonged heat exposure?
Elderly people
What is the initial management plan for an individual found with the following:
1. Temp = > 40 Degrees Celsius
2. NOT diaphoretic
3. Tachycardia
4. Hypotension
5. Unconscious
Remove clothing, cover with wet sheets, and apply cold packs
What key clinical feature distinguished heat exhaustion from heat cramps?
Muscle cramps
You are assessing a patient and find the following:
1. Feeling lightheaded with vertigo
2. Slow HR
3. Constricted pupils
4. Decreased RR
What division of the Autonomic Nervous System is most likely dominant in this situation?
Parasympathetic nervous system
What complication may arise due to aspiration of fluid in a drowning victim that can impact your ability to ventialte?
Decreased compliance
What are some classic clinical signs of an opioid overdose?
- Pinpoint pupils
- Bradypnea
- Hypotension
What should paramedics be cautious for when administering Gravol to old people?
The increased risk of falls due to dizziness and drowsiness
You are assessing a patient, after a traumatic event, and find the following:
1. Increased HR
2. Dilated pupils
3. Rapid breathing
What division of the Autonomic nervous system is primarily responsible for the physiological responses displayed?
Sympathetic nervous system
What is the common suffix seen in many Beta Blockers?
-lol
What is the drug classification of Warfarin?
Anticoagulant
What term best refers to “the use of drugs for the prevention, treatment, diagnosis, and modification of normal functions?
Pharmacotherapeutics
What happens during rewarming in the case of Superficial Frostbite?
The area becomes edematous and blisters
You administered a medication to a pt. experiencing a low HR/bradycardia. What term best describes the drug’s impact on the HR?
Chronotropic affect
Through what process does the body lose heat through the conversion of liquid to gas (i.e. when sweating)?
Evaporation
What reason best describes why old people may develop a slower heart rate as they age?
Because of a decrease in pacemaker cells in the SA node, leading to slower impulse generation
True or false:
Mild hypothermia is characterized by an oriented individual who may be slightly fatigues, with a temperature ranging between 34-35 Degrees Celsius, and only requires supportive management
True
What division of the Peripheral Nervous System is responsible for pupils dilating in response to dim light?
Autonomic Nervous System
Jaqualin weighs approximately 60kg and has 20% of his surface area burned. Use the Parkland Burn Formula to calculate the amount of fluid he will require over the net 24 hours.
4800 mls
You are responding to a call for a 77-year-old male and discover the following upon arrival to the patient:
1. Feeling dizzy
2. Unsteady for a couple of weeks
3. No obvious deformities
4. Signs of impaired balance and reduced awareness
What is the underlying physiological change contributing to his symptoms?
Loss of proprioception
How does a scuba diver avoid the adverse affects of Boyle’s law during ascent?
By maintaining a slow ascent rate
Dexamethasone can be used for treating conditions involving brain swelling because it has what particular effect of the Central Nervous System?
It crosses the blood-brain barrier and reduces cerebral edema
What is the primary mechanism by which the body produces heat through thermogenesis?
Voluntary muscle contraction
Knowing the information regarding the pathophysiology of drowning, what is the most likely factor contributing to a patient experiencing a LOC?
Hypercapnia
What physiological response characterizes the mammalian diving reflex when a person submerges their face in cold water?
Decreased HR
A patient is experiencing an Anticholinergic Overdose, what symptoms is Dimenhydrinate specifically indicated for in this context?
Nausea and vomiting
According to Jackson’s Burn Model, what zone of a burn wound is characterized by the source of most damage and little to no blood flow?
The Zone of Coagulation
What physiological change occurs to the respiratory system during the “flight or fight” response to a situation?
Increased RR
Shortly after you administer a medication, the patient reports a significant reduction in the pain level. Such effect has improved the comfort and mobility within your patient.
What term best describes the positive outcome of the medication you administered?
Therapeutic effect
What is the most common injury in older adults, after a fall?
A subdural hematoma
True or false:
2cd degree burns extend into the dermis layer causing blistering along with redness and swelling
True
What are some common medications that you would expect to see on a medication list provided to you by a patient who has a hx. of an MI and CHF?
- Lisoprinil
- Metoprolol
- Atorvastatin
What are some common medications you would expect to see of the medication list of a patient who has a hx. of CVA and AFib?
- Warfarin
- Apixaban
- Atorvastatin
As per BLS guidelines, what is the recommended dressing for partial thickness burns covering more than 15% of the body surface area?
Application of a dry, sterile dressing to the affected area
What are some common medications that you could expect to see on a medication list from a patient with a hx. of addiction, anxiety, and depression?
- Cipralex
- Ativan
- Methadone
How does peripheral vasodilation contribute to thermolysis?
It enhances heat production
What is the common outcome for non-viable skin in Deep Frostbite?
Mummification
How is drowning classified?
- Fatal
- Non-fatal
What type of neurons are most responsible for transmitting sensory information to the Central Nervous System?
Sensory neurons
At what body temperature does shivering typically cease during the progression of hypothermia?
32 Degrees Celsius
Out of the following, what is a common side effect of Dimenhydrinate (Gravol)?
1. Increased HR
2. Dry mouth
3. Elevated BP
4. Muscle stiffness
- Increased HR
How does Henry’s Law apply to the physiology of scuba diving?
It explains the relationship between gas pressure and volume
In what gas-filled spaces can barotrauma occur, in divers?
Middle ear and sinuses
You are called to the Boston Marathon, on a hot summer day, for a runner who collapsed near the finish line. The patient appears confused and dizzy. What is the likely cause of your pt.’s symptoms?
Heat syncope
What principle form Dalton’s law is relevant to scuba diving?
The total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures
True or false:
1st Degree burns typically involve damage to the outer layer of the skin, resulting in redness and mild swelling
True
You administer a medication, via IV, to your pt. The drug quickly enters your pt.’s bloodstream and reaches it’s target tissue. What phase of the pharmacokinetic process does this describe?
Absorption
True or false:
The survivability in salt water drowning is lower than in fresh water?
False, survivability in salt water drowning is HIGHER than in fresh water drowning
What characterizes a 3rd Degree burn?
Full-thickness damage extending into the subcutaneous tissue
True or false:
3rd Degree burns involve damage to the full thickness of the skin, leading to charred or white, leathery skin and nerve damage that may result in little to no pain at the burn site
True
What term best describes a medication’s ability to cause harmful effects on an unborn baby?
Iatrogenic Effect
What 3 clinical manifestations may a diver with POPS present with after ascent?
- Dyspnea
- Pleuritic pain
- Sub-q emphysema
What is the pharmacological classification of Naloxone (Narcan)?
Opioid antagonist
What is the primary site of metabolism for Dimenhydrinate?
The Liver
What is a classic sign of anticholinergic overdose in a pt.?
Dry, flushed skin
True or false:
Heat cramps can be potentially avoided during extreme exercise or exercise in hot environments by intaking electrolyte replacement (ex. Gatorade consumption)
True
What is a common clinical feature of burn shock that requires fluid replacement?
Hypovolemia
You are administering a medication to a patient experiencing acute anxiety and agitation. The medication’s suffix is “-pam” What is the most likely classification of this medication?
Benzodiazepine
What term best describes the following:
“To counteract an adverse drug reaction, you administer another drug with opposing actions to diminish the effects of the 1st medication.”
Antagonism
