1
Q
Prenatal:
A
before birth; during or relating to pregnancy.
2
Q
Prenatal development periods/stages:
A
- Preimplantation period.
- Embryonic Period.
- Fetal period.
3
Q
Postnatal:
A
period after childbirth.
4
Q
Preimplantation period:
A
- First week of prenatal development.
- Fertilization and implantation.
5
Q
Embryonic Period:
A
- Week 2 until the end of week 8.
- Induction, proliferation, differentiation, morphogenesis, and maturation.
6
Q
Fetal Period:
A
- Third to ninth month.
- Maturation.
7
Q
Gestational:
A
The nine months of normal pregnancy duration.
8
Q
List the 5 developmental processes that occur in the embryonic stage.
A
- Induction
- Proliferation
- Differentiation
- Morphogenesis
- Maturation
9
Q
List 3 factors that influence embryonic development.
A
- Genetics
- Environment
- Health of the Mother.
10
Q
Give examples of known teratogens that may effect normal fetal development.
A
- Drugs
- Infections
- Chemicals
- Radiation
11
Q
List some clinical considerations the DH must be aware of when treating down syndrome clients.
A
- Increased levels of periodontal disease
- Delayed tooth eruption
- Fewer teeth present
- Microdontia
12
Q
Blastocyst:
A
Results after 5 days of cell division of the zygote.
13
Q
What are the two layers of the blastocyst
A
- Trophoblast
- Embryoblast
14
Q
Trophoblast Layer:
A
Peripheral Cells
15
Q
Embryoblast Layer:
A
Small inner mass of embryonic cells.
16
Q
Bilaminar Embryonic Disc:
A
Developed from blastocyst
17
Q
What are the layers of the Bilaminar Embryonic Disc?
A
- Epiblast Layer
- Hypoblast Layer
18
Q
Epiblast Layer:
A
- Superior
- Composed of high columnar cells
- Faces amniotic cavity
19
Q
Hypoblast Layer:
A
- Inferior
- Composed of small cuboidal cells
- Faces primary yolk sac
20
Q
Trilaminar disc
A
Thickened bilaminar disc now has three layers present and is now a trilaminar disc.
21
Q
Oropharyngeal membrane:
A
- Location of future primitive mouth in embryo.
- Membrane at cephalic end of embryo.
22
Q
Cloacal Membrane
A
Location of the future anus.
23
Q
What forms the future dentition?
A
Trilaminar Disc.
24
Q
Steomodeum
A
Primitive mouth in embryo
25
The foregut is the primordium for
- Primitive pharynx or throat
| - Yolk sac
26
The midgut/hindgut is the primordium for
- forming the rest of the mature pharnyx as well the the remainder of the digestive tract.
- Four pharyngeal pouches.
27
What does the maxillary process become?
midface, upper lip sides, cheeks, secondary palate, posterior part of the maxilla, involved in the formation of the zygomatic bones, and is involved in the formation of the temporal bones.
28
What does the Mandibular process become?
Lower lip, lower face, mandible with associated tissue.
29
What does the frontal nasal process become?
Upper face (forehead, bridge of nose, primary palate, and nasal septum).
30
What will the LENS placode develop into?
Eyes
31
What will the OTIC placode develop into?
Ears
32
What will the NASAL placode develop into?
Nose
33
What structures form the future tonsillar tissues?
The palatine tonsils are derived from the lining of the second pharyngeal pouches and also the pharyngeal walls.
34
What is the philtrum?
Indent located on the midline of the body, superior to the upper lip and inferior to the nasal septum.
35
What structure does the philtrum develop from?
Medial Nasal Processes.
36
Define palatal fusion.
...
37
When does palatal formation begin and end?
5th-12th week of prenatal development.
38
What can occur if palatal development is interupted?
...
39
Explain the developmental process of the tongue.
...
40
What structure is responsible for the body of the tongue?
First branchial arch.
41
What structures are responsible for the base of the tongue?
Develops later from the second, third, and fourth branchial arches.
42
When does the tongue develop during prenatal development?
4th-8th week of prenatal development.
43
Tuberculum Impar:
Initial part of developing tongue located at the midline.
44
Lateral Lingual Swellings:
Part of the developing tongue that form on each side of the tuberculum impar.
45
Copula:
Posterior swelling formed from the third and fourth branchial arches that overgrows the second arches to form the tongue base.
46
Median Lingual sulcus:
the superficial demarcation of the line of fusion of the two lateral lingual swellings. It is the depression down the middle of the tongue.
47
Sulcus terminalis:
inverted v-shaped groove marking the border between the base of the tongue and its body.
48
Foramen cecum:
pit-like depression that the sulcus terminalis points backwards to (the beginning of the thyroglossal duct).
49
When does the first tooth bud begin to form?
Eighth week.
50
When does the first permanent molar begin to form?
Four months in utero.
51
What stages of fetal development does the primary dentition form?
- Embryonic
| - Fetal
52
When does the primary dentition begin to form?
6 weeks
53
_______ have the longest development period of any organ?
Teeth
54
Which types of cells do teeth develop from?
- Oral epithelial cells
| - Mesenchymal cells (embryonic connective tissue)
55
Microdontia:
abnormally small teeth
56
What stage of tooth development can microdontia occur?
Bud stage
57
Macrodontia:
abnormally large teeth
58
What stage of tooth development can macrodontia occur?
Bud stage
59
Anodontia:
absence of a single tooth or multiple teeth (lack of initiation of dental lamina).
60
What stage of tooth development can Anodontia occur?
Initiation Stage
61
Ankyloglossia:
- Tongue-tied
| - Short attachment of the lingual frenum that extends to the apex of the tongue.
62
What stage of tooth development can Ankyloglossia occur?
...
63
Supernumerary teeth:
Development of one or more extra teeth. (due to clusters of dental lamina rather than just one).
64
What stage of tooth development can Supernumerary teeth occur?
-Initiation Stage
65
Supernumerary tooth between the maxillary central incisors is called...
Mesiodens
66
Peg Teeth:
Smaller teeth due to microdontia.
67
What stage of tooth development can Peg teeth occur?
-Initiation Stage
68
Ameleoblastoma
Benign or cancerous tumour in oral cavity.
69
Ameleogenesis imperfecta:
hereditary enamel dysplasia with absent or thin enamel.
70
What stage of tooth development can Ameleogenesis imperfecta occur?
Apposition and Maturation stages.
71
Hypoplasia:
incomplete or underdevelopment of a tissue or organ.
72
What stage of tooth development can hypoplasia occur?
Apposition and Maturation Stages.
73
Dens en Dente:
- Tooth within a tooth
| - Vaginate by growth into the dental papilla.
74
What stage of tooth development can Dens en Dente occur?
Cap Stage
75
Dental Lamina is important in tooth development because...
...
76
Cementum is derived from...
Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells.
77
The dental sac forms...
The periodontium.
78
Rests of Malassez:
Reminants of the epithelium of hertwigs epithelial root sheath.
79
Hertwig Sheath:
Part of cervical loop that functions to shape the roots and induce root dentin formation.
80
Cervical Loop:
Most cervical part of enamel organ responsible for root development.
81
Tooth Germ:
Primordium of tooth consisting of enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac.
82
Apposition:
Growth by addition of layers to outside of tissue mass such as that occurs to firm or hard tissue such as cartilage, bone, enamel, dentin, and/or cementum.
83
Amelogenesis:
Apposition of enamel matrix by ameloblasts.
84
Amelogenesis:
Apposition of enamel matrix by ameloblasts.
85
What is the name of the first Branchial Arch?
Mandibular arch.
86
What is the nerve involved with the first Branchial Arch
Trigeminal Nerve (5th cranial nerve).
87
First branchial arch- does the cartilage disappear?
yes
88
First branchial arch- cartilage is involved in the formation of...
The middle ear bones
89
First branchial arch- the future site of...
- lower lip
- lower face
- mandible
90
First branchial arch- mesoderm forms...
- muscles of mastication
- palatal muscles
- suprahyoid muscles.
91
Name the muscles of mastication.
- Masseter Muscle
- Temporalis Muscle
- Medial Pterygoid Muscle
- Lateral Pterygoid Muscle
92
What is the name of the second Branchial Arch?
Hyoid Arch
93
What is the nerve involved with the second Branchial Arch
Facial Nerve (7th cranial nerve)
94
What cartilage is involved with the first branchial arch?
Meckel Cartilage.
95
What cartilage is involved with the second branchial arch?
Reichert Cartilage.
96
Second branchial arch- does the cartilage disappear?
yes
97
Perichondrium surrounding reichert cartilage gives rise to...
Ligament of the hyoid bone.
98
Second branchial arch- mesoderm forms...
- muscles of facial expression
- middle ear muscles
- suprahyoid muscles
99
What is the name of the third Branchial Arch?
it is unnamed
100
What cartilage is involved with the third branchial arch?
unnamed cartilage
101
third branchial arch- mesoderm forms...
pharyngeal muscle
102
What is the nerve involved with the third Branchial Arch
Glossopharyngeal nerve (9th cranial nerve)
103
What is the name of the fourth and sixth Branchial Arch?
unnamed
104
What cartilage is involved with the fourth and sixth branchial arch?
unnamed
105
fourth and sixth branchial arch- mesoderm forms...
- muscles of larynx
| - muscles of pharynx
106
What are the nerves involved with the
| fourth and sixth Branchial Arch?
Glossopharyngeal (9th cranial nerve) and Vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve).
107
Define zygote
- Fertilized egg from union of ovum and sperm
| - 46 chromosomes
108
What does embryo mean?
- Embryo= structure derived from implanted blastocyst
| - “growing within”
109
How long does the embryonic period last?
- 2nd week to 8th week
110
What occurs during the embryonic period?
- Induction, proliferation, differentiation, morphogenesis, maturation
- Formation of many body structures
111
During the fetal period, the body develops, and the _______ systems begin to form
INTERNAL
112
Define morula
- Solid ball of cells
| - Before it becomes blastosage
113
Where do stem cells come from?
- Inner cells of blastosage
114
Why is the placenta important? List 2 functions.
- Oxygen and nutrients
| - Connects mom to baby
115
The hypoblast develops into yolk sac. The epiblasts form 3 germ layers called:
-Mesoderm, endoderm, ectoderm.
116
The _____ begins to form at 3 weeks
BRAIN
117
What does the amniotic fluid do?
Protection
118
Bone formation of the upper and lower jaw begins at _____ weeks
SEVEN
119
Taste buds cover the mouth at _____ months
THREE
120
When does tooth development begin?
3 months, 2 weeks
DH 109 Histology and Embryology
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