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DH 109 Histology and Embryology > Term Test 2 > Flashcards

Term Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Prenatal:

A

before birth; during or relating to pregnancy.

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2
Q

Prenatal development periods/stages:

A
  • Preimplantation period.
  • Embryonic Period.
  • Fetal period.
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3
Q

Postnatal:

A

period after childbirth.

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4
Q

Preimplantation period:

A
  • First week of prenatal development.

- Fertilization and implantation.

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5
Q

Embryonic Period:

A
  • Week 2 until the end of week 8.

- Induction, proliferation, differentiation, morphogenesis, and maturation.

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6
Q

Fetal Period:

A
  • Third to ninth month.

- Maturation.

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7
Q

Gestational:

A

The nine months of normal pregnancy duration.

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8
Q

List the 5 developmental processes that occur in the embryonic stage.

A
  • Induction
  • Proliferation
  • Differentiation
  • Morphogenesis
  • Maturation
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9
Q

List 3 factors that influence embryonic development.

A
  • Genetics
  • Environment
  • Health of the Mother.
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10
Q

Give examples of known teratogens that may effect normal fetal development.

A
  • Drugs
  • Infections
  • Chemicals
  • Radiation
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11
Q

List some clinical considerations the DH must be aware of when treating down syndrome clients.

A
  • Increased levels of periodontal disease
  • Delayed tooth eruption
  • Fewer teeth present
  • Microdontia
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12
Q

Blastocyst:

A

Results after 5 days of cell division of the zygote.

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13
Q

What are the two layers of the blastocyst

A
  • Trophoblast

- Embryoblast

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14
Q

Trophoblast Layer:

A

Peripheral Cells

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15
Q

Embryoblast Layer:

A

Small inner mass of embryonic cells.

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16
Q

Bilaminar Embryonic Disc:

A

Developed from blastocyst

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17
Q

What are the layers of the Bilaminar Embryonic Disc?

A
  • Epiblast Layer

- Hypoblast Layer

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18
Q

Epiblast Layer:

A
  • Superior
  • Composed of high columnar cells
  • Faces amniotic cavity
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19
Q

Hypoblast Layer:

A
  • Inferior
  • Composed of small cuboidal cells
  • Faces primary yolk sac
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20
Q

Trilaminar disc

A

Thickened bilaminar disc now has three layers present and is now a trilaminar disc.

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21
Q

Oropharyngeal membrane:

A
  • Location of future primitive mouth in embryo.

- Membrane at cephalic end of embryo.

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22
Q

Cloacal Membrane

A

Location of the future anus.

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23
Q

What forms the future dentition?

A

Trilaminar Disc.

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24
Q

Steomodeum

A

Primitive mouth in embryo

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25
Q

The foregut is the primordium for

A
  • Primitive pharynx or throat

- Yolk sac

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26
Q

The midgut/hindgut is the primordium for

A
  • forming the rest of the mature pharnyx as well the the remainder of the digestive tract.
  • Four pharyngeal pouches.
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27
Q

What does the maxillary process become?

A

midface, upper lip sides, cheeks, secondary palate, posterior part of the maxilla, involved in the formation of the zygomatic bones, and is involved in the formation of the temporal bones.

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28
Q

What does the Mandibular process become?

A

Lower lip, lower face, mandible with associated tissue.

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29
Q

What does the frontal nasal process become?

A

Upper face (forehead, bridge of nose, primary palate, and nasal septum).

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30
Q

What will the LENS placode develop into?

A

Eyes

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31
Q

What will the OTIC placode develop into?

A

Ears

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32
Q

What will the NASAL placode develop into?

A

Nose

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33
Q

What structures form the future tonsillar tissues?

A

The palatine tonsils are derived from the lining of the second pharyngeal pouches and also the pharyngeal walls.

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34
Q

What is the philtrum?

A

Indent located on the midline of the body, superior to the upper lip and inferior to the nasal septum.

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35
Q

What structure does the philtrum develop from?

A

Medial Nasal Processes.

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36
Q

Define palatal fusion.

A

…

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37
Q

When does palatal formation begin and end?

A

5th-12th week of prenatal development.

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38
Q

What can occur if palatal development is interupted?

A

…

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39
Q

Explain the developmental process of the tongue.

A

…

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40
Q

What structure is responsible for the body of the tongue?

A

First branchial arch.

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41
Q

What structures are responsible for the base of the tongue?

A

Develops later from the second, third, and fourth branchial arches.

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42
Q

When does the tongue develop during prenatal development?

A

4th-8th week of prenatal development.

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43
Q

Tuberculum Impar:

A

Initial part of developing tongue located at the midline.

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44
Q

Lateral Lingual Swellings:

A

Part of the developing tongue that form on each side of the tuberculum impar.

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45
Q

Copula:

A

Posterior swelling formed from the third and fourth branchial arches that overgrows the second arches to form the tongue base.

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46
Q

Median Lingual sulcus:

A

the superficial demarcation of the line of fusion of the two lateral lingual swellings. It is the depression down the middle of the tongue.

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47
Q

Sulcus terminalis:

A

inverted v-shaped groove marking the border between the base of the tongue and its body.

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48
Q

Foramen cecum:

A

pit-like depression that the sulcus terminalis points backwards to (the beginning of the thyroglossal duct).

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49
Q

When does the first tooth bud begin to form?

A

Eighth week.

50
Q

When does the first permanent molar begin to form?

A

Four months in utero.

51
Q

What stages of fetal development does the primary dentition form?

A
  • Embryonic

- Fetal

52
Q

When does the primary dentition begin to form?

A

6 weeks

53
Q

_______ have the longest development period of any organ?

A

Teeth

54
Q

Which types of cells do teeth develop from?

A
  • Oral epithelial cells

- Mesenchymal cells (embryonic connective tissue)

55
Q

Microdontia:

A

abnormally small teeth

56
Q

What stage of tooth development can microdontia occur?

A

Bud stage

57
Q

Macrodontia:

A

abnormally large teeth

58
Q

What stage of tooth development can macrodontia occur?

A

Bud stage

59
Q

Anodontia:

A

absence of a single tooth or multiple teeth (lack of initiation of dental lamina).

60
Q

What stage of tooth development can Anodontia occur?

A

Initiation Stage

61
Q

Ankyloglossia:

A
  • Tongue-tied

- Short attachment of the lingual frenum that extends to the apex of the tongue.

62
Q

What stage of tooth development can Ankyloglossia occur?

A

…

63
Q

Supernumerary teeth:

A

Development of one or more extra teeth. (due to clusters of dental lamina rather than just one).

64
Q

What stage of tooth development can Supernumerary teeth occur?

A

-Initiation Stage

65
Q

Supernumerary tooth between the maxillary central incisors is called…

A

Mesiodens

66
Q

Peg Teeth:

A

Smaller teeth due to microdontia.

67
Q

What stage of tooth development can Peg teeth occur?

A

-Initiation Stage

68
Q

Ameleoblastoma

A

Benign or cancerous tumour in oral cavity.

69
Q

Ameleogenesis imperfecta:

A

hereditary enamel dysplasia with absent or thin enamel.

70
Q

What stage of tooth development can Ameleogenesis imperfecta occur?

A

Apposition and Maturation stages.

71
Q

Hypoplasia:

A

incomplete or underdevelopment of a tissue or organ.

72
Q

What stage of tooth development can hypoplasia occur?

A

Apposition and Maturation Stages.

73
Q

Dens en Dente:

A
  • Tooth within a tooth

- Vaginate by growth into the dental papilla.

74
Q

What stage of tooth development can Dens en Dente occur?

A

Cap Stage

75
Q

Dental Lamina is important in tooth development because…

A

…

76
Q

Cementum is derived from…

A

Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells.

77
Q

The dental sac forms…

A

The periodontium.

78
Q

Rests of Malassez:

A

Reminants of the epithelium of hertwigs epithelial root sheath.

79
Q

Hertwig Sheath:

A

Part of cervical loop that functions to shape the roots and induce root dentin formation.

80
Q

Cervical Loop:

A

Most cervical part of enamel organ responsible for root development.

81
Q

Tooth Germ:

A

Primordium of tooth consisting of enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac.

82
Q

Apposition:

A

Growth by addition of layers to outside of tissue mass such as that occurs to firm or hard tissue such as cartilage, bone, enamel, dentin, and/or cementum.

83
Q

Amelogenesis:

A

Apposition of enamel matrix by ameloblasts.

84
Q

Amelogenesis:

A

Apposition of enamel matrix by ameloblasts.

85
Q

What is the name of the first Branchial Arch?

A

Mandibular arch.

86
Q

What is the nerve involved with the first Branchial Arch

A

Trigeminal Nerve (5th cranial nerve).

87
Q

First branchial arch- does the cartilage disappear?

A

yes

88
Q

First branchial arch- cartilage is involved in the formation of…

A

The middle ear bones

89
Q

First branchial arch- the future site of…

A
  • lower lip
  • lower face
  • mandible
90
Q

First branchial arch- mesoderm forms…

A
  • muscles of mastication
  • palatal muscles
  • suprahyoid muscles.
91
Q

Name the muscles of mastication.

A
  • Masseter Muscle
  • Temporalis Muscle
  • Medial Pterygoid Muscle
  • Lateral Pterygoid Muscle
92
Q

What is the name of the second Branchial Arch?

A

Hyoid Arch

93
Q

What is the nerve involved with the second Branchial Arch

A

Facial Nerve (7th cranial nerve)

94
Q

What cartilage is involved with the first branchial arch?

A

Meckel Cartilage.

95
Q

What cartilage is involved with the second branchial arch?

A

Reichert Cartilage.

96
Q

Second branchial arch- does the cartilage disappear?

A

yes

97
Q

Perichondrium surrounding reichert cartilage gives rise to…

A

Ligament of the hyoid bone.

98
Q

Second branchial arch- mesoderm forms…

A
  • muscles of facial expression
  • middle ear muscles
  • suprahyoid muscles
99
Q

What is the name of the third Branchial Arch?

A

it is unnamed

100
Q

What cartilage is involved with the third branchial arch?

A

unnamed cartilage

101
Q

third branchial arch- mesoderm forms…

A

pharyngeal muscle

102
Q

What is the nerve involved with the third Branchial Arch

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve (9th cranial nerve)

103
Q

What is the name of the fourth and sixth Branchial Arch?

A

unnamed

104
Q

What cartilage is involved with the fourth and sixth branchial arch?

A

unnamed

105
Q

fourth and sixth branchial arch- mesoderm forms…

A
  • muscles of larynx

- muscles of pharynx

106
Q

What are the nerves involved with the

fourth and sixth Branchial Arch?

A

Glossopharyngeal (9th cranial nerve) and Vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve).

107
Q

Define zygote

A
  • Fertilized egg from union of ovum and sperm

- 46 chromosomes

108
Q

What does embryo mean?

A
  • Embryo= structure derived from implanted blastocyst

- “growing within”

109
Q

How long does the embryonic period last?

A
  • 2nd week to 8th week
110
Q

What occurs during the embryonic period?

A
  • Induction, proliferation, differentiation, morphogenesis, maturation
  • Formation of many body structures
111
Q

During the fetal period, the body develops, and the _______ systems begin to form

A

INTERNAL

112
Q

Define morula

A
  • Solid ball of cells

- Before it becomes blastosage

113
Q

Where do stem cells come from?

A
  • Inner cells of blastosage
114
Q

Why is the placenta important? List 2 functions.

A
  • Oxygen and nutrients

- Connects mom to baby

115
Q

The hypoblast develops into yolk sac. The epiblasts form 3 germ layers called:

A

-Mesoderm, endoderm, ectoderm.

116
Q

The _____ begins to form at 3 weeks

A

BRAIN

117
Q

What does the amniotic fluid do?

A

Protection

118
Q

Bone formation of the upper and lower jaw begins at _____ weeks

A

SEVEN

119
Q

Taste buds cover the mouth at _____ months

A

THREE

120
Q

When does tooth development begin?

A

3 months, 2 weeks

DH 109 Histology and Embryology (4 decks)

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