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DH 109 Histology and Embryology > Term Test 1 > Flashcards

Term Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the basic structural unit of the body?

A

The cell.

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2
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A specialized group of cells.

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3
Q

What is the location of the cell membrane?

A

Surround the cell.

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4
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

Acts as a gate keeper.

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5
Q

What is the cell membrane made of?

A

Phospholipid bilayer.

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6
Q

Nucleus

A

Control center, contains genetic material - DNA and nuceolus.

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7
Q

Nucleolus

A

Ribosomes assemble here prior to entering the cytoplasm.

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8
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

Surrounds the nucleus, encloses the nucleoplasm

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9
Q

Nucleoli

A

Ribosomes are assembled here

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10
Q

Chromatin

A

Bumpy threads scattered through nucleus. Combines with DNA when resting. When cell divides coil into chromosomes.

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11
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

regulates the entry and exit of cell materials.

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12
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Contains organelles. Cellular material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane.

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13
Q

Mitochondria

A

Sausage shape, double membrane.

Produces: ATP (energy) POWER HOUSE OF THE CELL.

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14
Q

Ribosomes

A

Bodies of proteins, Bilobed

sites of protein synthesis
Some float freely and some are attached to the rough ER.

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15
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA

A

rRNA (ribosomal rna)
tRNA (transfer rna)
mRNA (messenger rna)

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16
Q

rRNA

A

Ribosomal RNA provides the work bench combining with proteins to form ribosomes - the workbench on which proteins are synthesized.

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17
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer RNA delivers raw materials, binding specific amino acids and delivering them to the ribosome to be added to the protein under construction.

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18
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA provides instructions, carrying the specific instruction code for each protein from DNA to the ribosome where the code is used to build each protein.

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19
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Rough ER: has ribosomes

Smooth ER: lipid metabolism.

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20
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Flat stack of sacs

Package proteins

Post office

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21
Q

Lysosomes

A

Bags of digestive enzymes formed by ribosomes and packaged by golgi apparatus.

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22
Q

Diffusion

A

molecules move across a membrane from an area of higher concentration to low concentration. (Passive transport)

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23
Q

Osmosis

A

molecules move across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low concentration to high concentration. (passive transport)

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24
Q

Active Transport

A

requires energy, movement of molecules across a membrane into a region of high concentration, assisted by enzymes.

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25
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The processes of cell division.

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26
Q

Prophase

A

chromatin condenses into chromosomes in the cell, replicated centrioles move to opposite poles, nuclear membrane and nucleus disintegrate.

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27
Q

Metaphase

A

chromosomes line up in the middle, mitotic spindle forms.

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28
Q

Anaphase

A

centromeres split, each chromosome separates into two chromatids, chromatids migrate to opposite poles by use of the mitotic spindle.

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29
Q

Telophase

A

division into two new daughter cells, nuclear membrane reappears.

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30
Q

Why are centrioles important?

A

Centrioles are important because they help form the mitotic spindle, without centrioles, cellular division could not occur.

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31
Q

Why is DNA important?

A

DNA and RNA contain instructions for everything the cell is, and will become. They control all functions that the cell performs.

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32
Q

Where is DNA stored/located?

A

DNA is located and stored in the cell’s nucleus.

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33
Q

What is DNA made of?

A

Nucleotides.

34
Q

Where is RNA found?

A

RNA is found in the cytoplasm, but it is synthesized in the nucleolus.

35
Q

The process of making RNA is called…

A

Transcription

36
Q

What is the function of RNA in the cell?

A

The main function of RNA is to carry information of amino acids from the genes to where proteins are assembled on ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

37
Q

What is ATP?

A

Energy

38
Q

Where is ATP produced in the cell?

A

The Mitochondria

39
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A specialized group of cells.

40
Q

hat are the levels of organization of tissues?

A

epithelium, connective, muscle and nervous.

41
Q

Which type has striations?

A

Muscle – skeletal and cardiac

42
Q

Which has no striations?

A

Muscle – smooth

43
Q

Which is involuntary?

A

Muscle - cardiac, smooth

44
Q

Which is voluntary?

A

Muscle – skeletal

45
Q

Epithelium:

A

Simple: squamous, cuboidal, columnar, pseudostratified. 


Stratified: squamous (keratinized, nonkeratinized), cuboidal, columnar, transitional.

46
Q

Connective:

A

Solid soft: connective tissue proper, specialized (adipose, fibrous, elastic, cartilage).
Solid firm: cartilage

Solid rigid: bone 

Fluid: blood, lymph

47
Q

Muscle

A

Involuntary: smooth, cardiac


Voluntary: skeletal

48
Q

Nerve

A

Afferent: sensory


Efferent: motor.

49
Q

What type of epithelium forms enamel?

A

Simple Columnar

50
Q

Squamous:

A

Flattened cells with cell height much less than cell width.

51
Q

Cuboidal:

A

cube shaped cells with approximately equal cell height and cell width.

52
Q

Columnar:

A

Rectangular shaped cells which cell height exceeds cell width.

53
Q

Pseudostratified:

A

falsely appears as multiple layers because the cells nuclei appear at different levels but in real life, cells of different height are present.

54
Q

What is keratin?

A

Tough, fibrous, opaque, water proof protein that is impervious to pathogenic invasion and resistant to friction.

55
Q

Desmosome:

A

between cells; present in superficial layers of the skin and oral mucosa; appears disk-shaped; similar to a spot weld.

56
Q

Hemidesmosome:

A

attachment of cells to an adjacent non-cellular surface; used for attaching epithelium to connective tissue; appears as a thinner disc; allows gingival tissue to be secured to the tooth surface.

57
Q

What are the two ways cartilage forms?

A
  1. Interstitial growth

2. Appositional Growth

58
Q

Which type of cartilage is the most common?

A

Hyaline

59
Q

Chondroclast:

A

a multinucleated cell involved in the reabsorption of calcified cartiliage.

60
Q

Chondrocyte:

A

mature chondroblasts.

61
Q

Chondroblasts: cells that produce cartilage tissue.

A

cells that produce cartilage tissue.

62
Q

Explain interstitial growth

A

Growth from deep within the tissue by the mitosis of each chondrocyte.

This interstitial growth is important in the development of bone that uses cartilage as a model for its own formation during endochondral ossification.

63
Q

Explain appositional growth

A

Layered growth on the outside of a tissue from an outer layer of chondroblasts within the perichondrium.

This layer of chondroblasts is always present on the external surface of cartilage to allow appositional growth of cartilage after an injury or remodeling.

64
Q

Give examples of Pseudostratifited columnar tissue

A

Lining of upper respiratory tract, includes the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.

65
Q

Give examples of Simple Squamous epithelium

A 
Lines blood and lymphatic vessels,
heart,
serous cavities,
interfaces of the kidneys and lungs, 
endothelium.
66
Q

Give examples of Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Lines certain ducts of the salivary glands.

67
Q

Give examples of Simple columnar epithelium

A

Line other salivary gland ducts,

Inner enamel epithelium of a maturing tooth germ whose cells become enamel forming ameloblasts.

68
Q

Give examples of Stratified squamous epithelium

A

The superficial layer of skin and oral mucosa,

Epidermis: example of stratified squamous epithelium.

69
Q

Can you give an example of dense connective tissue?

A

The dermis,
Ligaments,
Tendons,
aponeuroses

70
Q

Define osteoclast

A

cells that function in the resorption of bone.

71
Q

Define osteoblast

A

bone-forming cells

72
Q

Define osteocyte

A

mature osteoblasts trapped in bone matrix

73
Q

Define osteon

A

Concentric layers of lamellae in compact bone.

74
Q

What is the basic functional unit of bone:

A

Osteon.

75
Q

What are haversian canals?

A

Vascular tissue space in osteon.

76
Q

What do Haversian canals contain?

A

They contain longitudinally running blood vessels, nerves, and small amounts of connective tissue.

Is lined by the endosteum.

77
Q

What is the difference between compact and cancellous bone?

A

Compact bone: strong, heavy, fewer soft tissue spaces.

Cancellous: light, not as strong, have more soft tissue spaces, formed of pieces of solid bone that form a lattice.

78
Q

What are trabeculae?

A

Joined matrix pieces forming lattice in cancellous bone or bands of connective tissue in lymph node that separate lymphatic nodules.

79
Q

What are the two methods of bone development?

A
  1. Intramembranous ossification.

2. Endochondral ossification.

80
Q

Explain Intramembranous ossification…

A

the formation of osteoid between two dense connective tissue sheets which then eventually replaces the outer connective tissue.

The maxilla and majority of the mandible are formed by intramembranous ossification.

81
Q

Explain Endochondral ossification……

A

the formation of the osteoid within a hyaline cartilage model that subsequently (after) become mineralized and dies.

DH 109 Histology and Embryology (4 decks)

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