Term 4 Flashcards
Axial Skeleton function and anatomical components
- Function - protects organs - brain, lungs, heart, spinal column & attachment
- Anatomically - cranium, mandible, vertebraes, ribs, sternum, coccyx, sacrum
Appendicular Skeleton (appendiges) function and anatomical components
- Function - movement, balance, muscle attachment, storage for minerals
- Anatomically - everything but axial skeleton
- shoulder girdle (clavicle, scapula)
- humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
- pelvic girdle (allium, ischium, pubis)
- femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
State the 4 types of bones and describe them
- Long bones - long cylindrical bones, enlarged at both ends, most important
- Short bones - small cubed shape, articulate with other bones
- Flat bones - curved and broad surfaces,
- cranium, ribs, allium
- protection, muscle attachment - Irregular bones - specialised shape & function
- vertebrae
Define the structures of a long bone
Periosteum - fibrous membrane tissue that covers the outer surface of a bone
Spongy bone - porous, lightweight layer of bone tissue just inside the layer of compact bone
Epiphysis - two ends of the bone
Diaphysis - the shaft of a long bone
Articular cartilage - reduce friction and absorb shock
Bone marrow - found in the centre of bone - yellow = mostly fat, red = blood stem cells
Marrow cavity - central cavity of bone shafts
Define the following Anatomical Terminology with an example Inferior Superior Proximal Distal Medial Lateral Posterior Anterior
Inferior - below or further away from the head
Superior - above or near the head
Proximal - closer to where a limb attaches to the body (not on body) e.g. elbow is proximal to our wrist, humerus is proximal to the radius
Distal - further away from where a limb attaches to the body (not on body) e.g. wrist is distal to our elbow, patella is distal to the femur
Medial - closer to the midline of the body e.g. sternum is medial to pectorals major, ulna is medial to the radius
Lateral - further away from the midline go the body e.g. adduction movement - pectorals major is lateral to sternum
Posterior - behind or towards the back e.g. gluteus maximus is on the lateral of the pelvic girdle
Anterior - in front of or towards the front e.g. mandible is anterior to the cervical vertebrae
Outline the function of the 3 connective tissue
Tendon - specialised skeletal structures that transmit muscular pull to bones and connects muscle to bone
Ligament - tough fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone
Cartiladge - protective, rubber like fundaments of bones that provides support for some soft tissues and forms a sliding area for a joint
Define a joint
Where 2 bones attach and articulate
3 types of joints, provide an example for each and describe the movement permitted
Fibrous/Fixed - pelvic girdle, cranium - no movement is allowed
Cartilaginous - limited movement is allowed
Synovial - hip, knee, shoulder - freely moveable joint
Define the features of a synovial joint
Articular cartilage - covers articulating surfaces of bone, reduce friction, absorb shock, protect bones
Synovial/ joint capsule - sleeve like structure, flexible enough for movement, strong enough to prevent dislocation
Synovial membrane - inside lining of articular capsule, secrets synovial fluid
Synovial fluid - lubricates the joint, reduces friction, provides nutrients for cartlige
Ligaments - connects bone to bone
Bursae - small fluid filled sac, found where 2 surfaces rub against each other, lined with synovial membrane, provide lubrication, reduce friction
List the different types of synovial joints
Ball and socket Hinge Pivot Gliding Saddle
Distinguish between the 3 types of muscle and give an example
Skeletal - striated, voluntary, tubular multinucleate fibres - attached to skeleton
Cardiac - involuntary, striated, branched uninucleatic fibres - heart
Smooth - not striated, involuntary, uninucleatic fibres - internal fibres
Describe the structures of skeletal muscle
Epimysium - a sheath of fibrous elastic tissue surrounding a muscle
Perimysium - sheath of connective tissue that groups muscle fibres into bundles
Endomysium - thin connective tissue layer of collagen and reticular fibres
Muscle Fibre - a single cylindrical muscle cell
Myofibril - very fine contractile fibres
Sarcomere - contracting part of a myofibril
Actin - family of globular multifunctional proteins that form microfilaments in cytoskeleton
Myosin - thick contractile protein in muscle
Define the terms origin and insertion
Origin - the attachment of a muscle tendon to a stationary bone
Insertion - the attachment of a muscle tendon to a moveable bone
Name the 9 anterior muscles in the body
Pectoralis Major Deltoid Biceps Brachaii Abdominus Rectus External Obliques Illiopsoas Sartorious Quadriceps Tibialis Anterior
Name the 9 posterior muscles in the body
Trapezius Tricpes Brachaii Lattissimus Dorsi Gluteous Maximus Erector Spinae Hamstrings Biceps Femoris Gastrocnemius Soleus
Outline the general characteristics common to muscle tissue and describe
Contractility - the ability of a muscle to shorten with a force
Extensibility - the ability of a muscle to lengthen to its normal resting length and beyond to a degree
Elasticity - the ability of a muscle to recoil to its original resting length after contracting or stretching
Excitability - the ability of a muscle tissue to respond to stimuli delivered from motoneurons or hormones
Atrophy - the decrease of muscle size due to the lack of work undertaken by a muscle
Hypertrophy - the increase of muscle size due to an increase workload undertaken by a muscle
Describe the different structures of the skin
Epidermis - acts as a physical and biological barrier to the external environment, prevents penetration by irritants and allergens, maintain homeostasis
Dermis - cushions the deeper structure from mechanical injury, provides nourishment to the epidermis, plays an important role in wound healing
Fat (hypodermis) - provides main structural support for skin, insulates body
Glands (Sebaceous) - produce and secrete sebum (group of complex oils)
(Sweat) - eccrine - open directly onto surface of skin
- apocrine - open to hair follicle leading to surface of skin
Hair Follicles - tunnel-shaped structure, root is made of proteins nourished by blood
Describe the functions of the skin
Regulation of Body Temperature - protects body from cold and heat, maintains a constant core temperature, secretion and evaporation if sweat cools the body
- vasodilation = more blood flow = heat loss increase
- vasoconstriction = less blood flow = heat loss reduced
Protection and Immunity - physical barrier to harmful pathogens and foreign body
- immune cells in epidermis = keratinocytes, epidermal dendritic cells
- immune cells in dermis = mast cells, lymphocytes, dermal dendritic cells
Sensation - triggers a response if we feel or touch something including pain
Excretion - done by sweat glands on skin, excretes excess minerals, salts and water from body, helps maintain pH pf body
Synthesis of Vitamin D - absorption of calcium and phosphorus which is required for healthy bones
Explain the functions of all parts of the brain and give a sporting example
Brain Stem - respiratory and cardiovascular control centres, houses the medulla oblongata, PONS and mid brain e.g. regulates heart rate
Diencephalon - 2 parts
1. Thalamus - perception sensations (pain, temp.) & cognition
2. Hypothalamus - control of ANS, heart rate & blood pressure, appetite, thirst, body temp, pituitary gland
e.g. control of sweating & adrenaline during sport
Cerebrum - 3 parts
1. Sensory - receiving sensory impulses
2. Association - interpreting & storing input & initiating response
3. Motor - transmitting impulses to effectors
e.g. kicking a soccer ball
Frontal Lobe - reasoning, motivation, planning, emotions & problem solving, contains the speech and movement motor areas e.g. walking & running
Parietal Lobe - somatic sensory and motor areas linked to movement, body awareness, orientation & navigation. Also contains symbolic & speech association areas e.g. AFL - catching ball in air
Occipital Lobe - auditory sensory and association centre (short term memory e.g. ball - watching other players on court
Temporal Lobe - auditory sensory and association centre; long term and visual memory e.g. sprint - starting gun or netball - other players calling for ball
Limbic Lobe - Concerned with association processes such as emotion, behaviour, motivation & long term memory e.g. all spots - motivation to train
Cerebellum - Regulates posture & balance, skilled motor skills, smooth & coordinate sequences of skeletal muscle contractions e.g. gymnastics - balance beam
Outline the blood supply to the brain
- Heart
- Left common carotid artery & brachiocephalic trunk comes from aorta
- Brachiocephalic trunk splits into right common carotid artery & right subclavian artery
- Common carotid arteries split to internal & external carotid arteries
- External artery transports blood to face & top of brain
- Internal artery transports blood to circle of willis
- Vertebral arteries transport blood to basilar artery which goes to circle of willis
- Circle of willis disperses blood by arteries to microvasculature which holds the BBB that is an endothelial lining
- Brain
Describe the blood brain barrier and its function
Is formed by brain endothelial cells lining the cerebral microvasculature, and is an important mechanism for protecting the brain from fluctuations in plasma composition and circulating agents such as neurotransmitters capable of disturbing neural functions.
Describe the principal source of energy for brain cells
- What is the main source of energy for the brain?
- What energy system is used to create ATP in the brain?
- 20% of the blood for our heart is pumped to our brain, why is that?
- What happens in the brain if we have low blood glucose?
Describe the principal source of energy for brain cells
- What is the main source of energy for the brain? Glucose and Oxygen
- What energy system is used to create ATP in the brain? Aerobic respiration
- 20% of the blood for our heart is pumped to our brain, why is that? Carbohydrates storage in the brain is limited, so the supply of glucose must be continuous
- What happens in the brain if we have low blood glucose? Mental confusion, dizziness, convulsions and oss
