Term 4 Flashcards
Axial Skeleton function and anatomical components
- Function - protects organs - brain, lungs, heart, spinal column & attachment
- Anatomically - cranium, mandible, vertebraes, ribs, sternum, coccyx, sacrum
Appendicular Skeleton (appendiges) function and anatomical components
- Function - movement, balance, muscle attachment, storage for minerals
- Anatomically - everything but axial skeleton
- shoulder girdle (clavicle, scapula)
- humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
- pelvic girdle (allium, ischium, pubis)
- femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
State the 4 types of bones and describe them
- Long bones - long cylindrical bones, enlarged at both ends, most important
- Short bones - small cubed shape, articulate with other bones
- Flat bones - curved and broad surfaces,
- cranium, ribs, allium
- protection, muscle attachment - Irregular bones - specialised shape & function
- vertebrae
Define the structures of a long bone
Periosteum - fibrous membrane tissue that covers the outer surface of a bone
Spongy bone - porous, lightweight layer of bone tissue just inside the layer of compact bone
Epiphysis - two ends of the bone
Diaphysis - the shaft of a long bone
Articular cartilage - reduce friction and absorb shock
Bone marrow - found in the centre of bone - yellow = mostly fat, red = blood stem cells
Marrow cavity - central cavity of bone shafts
Define the following Anatomical Terminology with an example Inferior Superior Proximal Distal Medial Lateral Posterior Anterior
Inferior - below or further away from the head
Superior - above or near the head
Proximal - closer to where a limb attaches to the body (not on body) e.g. elbow is proximal to our wrist, humerus is proximal to the radius
Distal - further away from where a limb attaches to the body (not on body) e.g. wrist is distal to our elbow, patella is distal to the femur
Medial - closer to the midline of the body e.g. sternum is medial to pectorals major, ulna is medial to the radius
Lateral - further away from the midline go the body e.g. adduction movement - pectorals major is lateral to sternum
Posterior - behind or towards the back e.g. gluteus maximus is on the lateral of the pelvic girdle
Anterior - in front of or towards the front e.g. mandible is anterior to the cervical vertebrae
Outline the function of the 3 connective tissue
Tendon - specialised skeletal structures that transmit muscular pull to bones and connects muscle to bone
Ligament - tough fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone
Cartiladge - protective, rubber like fundaments of bones that provides support for some soft tissues and forms a sliding area for a joint
Define a joint
Where 2 bones attach and articulate
3 types of joints, provide an example for each and describe the movement permitted
Fibrous/Fixed - pelvic girdle, cranium - no movement is allowed
Cartilaginous - limited movement is allowed
Synovial - hip, knee, shoulder - freely moveable joint
Define the features of a synovial joint
Articular cartilage - covers articulating surfaces of bone, reduce friction, absorb shock, protect bones
Synovial/ joint capsule - sleeve like structure, flexible enough for movement, strong enough to prevent dislocation
Synovial membrane - inside lining of articular capsule, secrets synovial fluid
Synovial fluid - lubricates the joint, reduces friction, provides nutrients for cartlige
Ligaments - connects bone to bone
Bursae - small fluid filled sac, found where 2 surfaces rub against each other, lined with synovial membrane, provide lubrication, reduce friction
List the different types of synovial joints
Ball and socket Hinge Pivot Gliding Saddle
Distinguish between the 3 types of muscle and give an example
Skeletal - striated, voluntary, tubular multinucleate fibres - attached to skeleton
Cardiac - involuntary, striated, branched uninucleatic fibres - heart
Smooth - not striated, involuntary, uninucleatic fibres - internal fibres
Describe the structures of skeletal muscle
Epimysium - a sheath of fibrous elastic tissue surrounding a muscle
Perimysium - sheath of connective tissue that groups muscle fibres into bundles
Endomysium - thin connective tissue layer of collagen and reticular fibres
Muscle Fibre - a single cylindrical muscle cell
Myofibril - very fine contractile fibres
Sarcomere - contracting part of a myofibril
Actin - family of globular multifunctional proteins that form microfilaments in cytoskeleton
Myosin - thick contractile protein in muscle
Define the terms origin and insertion
Origin - the attachment of a muscle tendon to a stationary bone
Insertion - the attachment of a muscle tendon to a moveable bone
Name the 9 anterior muscles in the body
Pectoralis Major Deltoid Biceps Brachaii Abdominus Rectus External Obliques Illiopsoas Sartorious Quadriceps Tibialis Anterior
Name the 9 posterior muscles in the body
Trapezius Tricpes Brachaii Lattissimus Dorsi Gluteous Maximus Erector Spinae Hamstrings Biceps Femoris Gastrocnemius Soleus
