Term 1 Flashcards
What bones make up the axial and appendicular skeleton?
Axial - cranium, mandible, cervical, vertebrae, ribs, sternum
List the type of bones and give a description
- Long bones - long cylindrical bones, enlarged at both ends, most important
- Short bones - small cubed shape, articulate with other bones
- Flat bones - curved and broad surfaces,
- Irregular bones - specialised shape & function
Vertebrae
cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Coccygeal
Bones which make up the pelvic girdle
Ishium Illium Pubis Sacrum Cocyx
Define the functions of the skeleton
Support - keeps body upright and provides framework
Protection - protects internal organs & reduces risk of injury
Movement - allows movement through body through joints and muscles
Shape and structure - helps maintain posture and keep upright
Blood cells - certain bones produce blood cells
Storage of minerals - bones store and release minerals
Describe a joint
Where 2 bones attach and articulate. Most important for movement.
What are the different types of joints?
Fibrous, Cartilagenious, Synovial
What is a synovial joint and where are they found?
Freely moveable joints found at the shoulder, elbow, hip, knee and ankle
Name and describe the different types of synovial joints and give an example.
Ball and socket - sphere shaped head of one bone fitted into a rounded cavity (shoulder & hip)
Hinge - joint between bones that allows movement in only 1 plane (elbow & knee)
Pivot - freely moveable, allows rotary movement around a single axis (vertebrae)
Gliding - joints which opposed surfaces are flat or slightly curved - bones slide (ankle & wrist)
Saddle - a joint with saddle-shaped articular surfaces that are convex in one direction and concave in another - permit movements in all directions (base of thumb)
What is abduction vs adduction? And flexion vs extension?
Abduction - moves away
Adduction - moves towards
Flexion - closing of angles
Extension - angle getting larger
Difference between ligament and tendon.
Ligament - Bone to bone
Tendon - muscle to bone
State and describe the different types of connective tissue.
Tendon - muscle to bone
Ligament - bone to bone
Cartlidge - protective, rubber like fundaments of bones
Describe how muscles and bone work together to cause movement at a joint.
Muscles can pull bones, but they can’t push them back to the original position. So they work in pairs of flexors and extensors to allow us to move
What are the 3 types of muscles? What are their properties?
Skeletal - attached to bones, striated, voluntary, moves body
Cardiac - involuntary, striated (heart)
Smooth - not striated, involuntary (organs & arteries)
Name the different muscular contractions and their definitions.
Muscle changes length
Isotonic - changes length and maintains tension
Concentric - shortens when generating force (form of Isotonic)
Eccentric - lengthens when force is applied (form of Isotonic)
Isometric - no change Muscle changes length
Isotonic - changes length and maintains tension
Concentric - shortens when generating force (form of Isotonic)
Eccentric - lengthens when force is applied (form of Isotonic)
Isometric - no change
*all during contraction
Explain agonist and antagonist muscles and give examples of common pairs found in the human body.
Agonist - muscle contarction moves body
Antagonist - muscle moves or supports another muscle
Bicep & Tricep, Quadricep & hamstring, Deltoid & Lats, Pecs & Trapezuis, Tibialis interior & gastrocnemius
Describe the function of the respiratory system.
A network of organs and tissues that help you breathe and helps your body absorb oxygen from the air and cleans waste gases from your blood
Explain the mechanics of breathing (in and out). Include the terms diaphragm, Intercostal muscles and air pressure.
In Intercostal muscles contract Diaphragm contracts and flattens Chest cavity expands Lungs expand Air comes in Ribs move up and out Out Everything does the opposite
Explain the process of gaseous exchange.
Breathe in air
Oxygen travels to alveoli
In alveoli oxygen passes into red blood cells
Oxygen combines with haemoglobin
Forms oxyhemoglobin and taken into the capillaries
Haemoglobin also carries CO2 from body to lungs
CO2 is exhaled
Describe diffusion and the diffusion pathway.
All gases move from high concentration to low concentration trying to reach an equilibrium.
The diffusion pathway is a short distance, 1 cell thick.
What is a spirometer.
Measures the 5 volumes associated with the lungs
Explain each of the volumes.
Tidal - amount of air inhaled or exhaled per breath
Expiratory reserve - amount of air that can be forced in after tidal volume
Residual - the air that stays in your lungs
Vital capacity - largest volume of air
Veins vs arteries
Arteries carry oxygenated blood
Veins carry deoxygenated blood
*Pulmonary artery and veins are the opposite
Explain the path of deoxygenated blood - pulmonary circulation
Deoxygenated blood arrives at the heart through superior and inferior vena cava
Enters the right atrium and pumped through tricuspid valve to the right ventricle
Then pumped from right ventricle through to pulmonary valve into pulmonary arteries
Artery takes deoxygenated blood to the lungs for diffusion
Lungs absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide
Explain the path of oxygenated blood
Oxygenated blood is carried to the heart from the lungs in the pulmonary vein. It goes into the left atrium, through the bicuspid valve and into the left ventricle. The ventricle pumps the blood through the semilunar valve, into the aorta and round the body.
