TERM 3- MY NOTES MENTAL HEALTH NURSING CARE CH.3 "PERSONALITY THEROY"

Question 0

Development of Personality

Answer 0

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Question 1

PERSONALITY THEROY

Answer 1

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Question 2

Personality is the relatively stable way that a person thinks, feels, and behaves.
A)true
B)false

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Personality includes the psychosocial traits and characteristics (not physical qualities) that make a person an individual. For example, an extrovert is a person who enjoys being with people and is usually outgoing.
A)true
B)false

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Eight key influences combine to form the personality of an individual (Friedman & Schusrack, 1999):

• Unconscious aspects are parts of the personality not in the person’s awareness.
• Identity is a sense of self (ego).
• The biology of personality is the unique generic, physiological, and temperamental nature of the person.
• Conditioning shapes the personality through experiences that influence the person to react in certain ways.
• The cognitive dimension reflects how thinking about and interpreting the world shapes personality.
• Specific traits, skills, and predispositions are present in each individual.
• The spiritual dimension is the part of personality that prompts people to contemplate the meaning of their existence.
• Inreracrion between the individual and the environment is an ongoing process that affects personality

Answer 4

True

Question 5

Freud stated that personaliry is shaped largely by early childhood experiences and that people have no free will to control their destiny.
A)true
B)false

Answer 5

A

Question 6

Holism is a philosophy that considers the person as a total being with psychosocial, spiritual, and physical needs.
A)true
B)false

Answer 6

A

Question 7

Psychoanalytic Theory

Answer 7

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Question 8

The focus of psychoanalysis is to find the root of unconscious thoughts and feelings that cause the client’s anxiety.
A)true
B)false

Answer 8

A

Question 9

Freud had his clients “free associate” (talk freely about whatever came to their mind) about their early experiences. He believed that early experiences continue to influence people throughout their lives.

He also analyzed clients’ dreams. He theorized that dreams give clues to the person’s unconscious mind, the part of the mind that is not accessible to conscious thoughts

Answer 9

True

Question 10

He divided the mind into three pares. He described the id as the part of the personality containing basic instincts and urges.

The ego, according to Freud, is the “I.” It is the part of the personality that develops to respond to the realities and problems of everyday life.

The superego is a person’s conscience and the internalized concept of the ideal self.

Answer 10

True

Question 11

freud’s theory of development of personality is called psychosexNal development. The child progresses through the oral stage, the anal stage, the phallic stage, the latency period, and finally the genital stage.
A)true
B)false

Answer 11

A

Question 12

Defense mechanisms are thoughts and behaviors that distort reality to protect the self. These processes are used to protect the ego from threatening impulses or the painful realities of life experiences.
A)true
B)false

Answer 12

A

Question 13

Defense Mechanisms

Answer 13

,

Question 14

Altruism
Dealing with emotional conflict by meeting the needs of others, receiving gratification either vicariously or from the reactions of others
Ex.A young man’s fiancee leaves him, and he joins the Peace Corps

Answer 14

True

Question 15

Dissociation
A breakdown in the usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, or perception; detachment from emotional significance
Ex.A woman calmly describes her severe sexual abuse in childhood as though she was outside herself watching it happen.

Answer 15

True

Question 16

Projection
Attributing one’s own unacceptable feelings or
thoughts to another
Ex.A person who does not like children says:
“Children just don’t like me.

Answer 16

True

Question 17

Rationalization
Concealing the true motivations (even to ourselves) behind our actions with incorrect but acceptable motivations
Ex.Instead of admitting that he went to this college to be with his girlfriend, the student says that it is the best college in the state

Answer 17

True

Question 18

Reaction Formation
Substituting behavior or feelings that are the opposite of what one actually feels
Ex.A woman does not like her supervisor at work, yet she gives the supervisor gifts and compliments.

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Repression
Removing unacceptable thoughts or wishes from consciousness
Ex.A woman has no memory of being raped but may feel anxious when she goes near the area where it happened

Answer 19

True

Question 20

Sublimation
Unacceptable feelings are diverted into socially acceptable behavior
Ex.A person is very angry and runs for hours on the track.

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Suppression
Intentionally avoiding thinking about unacceptable or stressful feelings
Ex.A woman does not have enough money to pay her bills and keeps herself busy with housework to avoid thinking about money.

Answer 21

True

Question 22

PSYCHOTHERAPY BY THE PSYCHOANALYSTS

Answer 22

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Question 23

The psychoanalyse uses dream analysis, free association, and inrerprecarion of behavior. The idea is that if clients understand the reasons for their anxiety, their anxieties and conflicts will resolve.
A)true
B)false

Answer 23

A

Question 24

NURSING IMPLICATIONS

Answer 24

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Question 25

The behavior associated with defense mechanisms can be either adaptive behavior (positive, health promoting, problem solving) or maladaptive behavior (unhealthy and does nor promote problem solving)
A)true
B)false

Answer 25

A

Question 26

For example, the person with hypertension who rationalizes his high-sodium, high-fat diet to the nurse by saying, “It doesn’t really matter what I eat, I’m taking medication,” is using rationalization in an unhealthy or maladaptive way.

The student who exercises after school to help manage the srress of college is using sublimation in an adaptive way

Answer 26

True

Question 27

Ego Theories

Answer 27

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Question 28

ERIK ERIKSON

Answer 28

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Question 29

Each of Erikson’s stages represents a conflict or core problem that the individual strives to overcome at a critical period of development. A person muse successfully resolve each conflict in order to master the next one
A)true
B)false

Answer 29

A

Question 30

The activities required for mastery of each of the eight stages in Erikson’s psychosocial development theory are called developmental tasks.
A)true
B)false

Answer 30

A

Question 31

Each of Erikson’s stages has two componems: the successful and unsuccessful sides of the core conflict
A)true
B)false

Answer 31

A

Question 32

Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development

Answer 32

,

Question 33

Trust versus Mistrust
Birth to 1 year
Trust is developed when the infant’s needs are adequately and consistently met; parents are reliable. Mistrust happens when basic needs are inconsistently met

Answer 33

True

Question 34

Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt
1- 3 years
Autonomy is centered on children’s ability to control their bodies and the environment. The use of their developing physical skills (toilet training, walking, manipulating objects) is important. Shame and doubt develop when the child is shamed or forced to be dependent in areas in which he or she is capable of independence.

Answer 34

True

Question 35

Initiative versus Guilt
3- 6 years
Children at this stage are active and have powerful imagination. They develop a sense of initiative when they are able to pursue and reach their goals and to achieve a sense of purpose. They develop a conscience at this stage. Guilt develops when they are thwarted in their efforts or feel that their goals are bad.

Answer 35

True

Question 36

Industry versus Inferiority
6-12 years
Interactions outside the family take on more importance. Industry happens when children are able to take on activities and projects that they can complete; achievement is important. They learn to cooperate and compete with others by the rules. Inferiority occurs when children fail to develop friendships or if they believe they cannot measure up to the expectations of others.

Answer 36

True

Question 37

Intimacy versus Isolation
12-18 years
This is the stage associated with adolescence. Identity is characterized by integration of personal values with those of society, a clear sense of self in multiple roles, and by making choices about the future. Role confusion results from failure to establish an individual identity separate from the family and having no peer relationships or plans for an occupation.

Answer 37

True

Question 38

Generativity versus Stagnation
Adulthood
Generativity is a desire to improve society by one’s own efforts. The person values work and helping others. This may take the form of raising children or community service with the goal of making the world a better place. Stagnation is characterized by the feeling that life is meaningless. The person in stagnation does not have concern for the flourishing of others.

Answer 38

True

Question 39

Ego Integrity versus Despair
Maturity
When a person has developed wisdom over a lifetime of experiences and can look back to see a life of meaning and integrity they have achieved integrity, especially when they can pass this wisdom to younger generations. Despair is characterized by a sense of not accomplishing one’s goals or maintaining one’s values, and it is too late to do anything about it.

Answer 39

True

Question 40

PSYCHOTHERAPY BY THE EGO THEORISTS

Answer 40

,

Question 41

The goal of psychotherapy according to the ego theorists is to establish increasing levels of independence by assisting the ego or self to overcome developmental obstacles.
A)true
B)false

Answer 41

A

Question 42

The therapeutic process includes the client talking with the therapist and working to develop insight into reasons for anxiery. The emphasis is on clients studying their own srories and understanding their own inner motivations and self-concept
A)true
B)false

Answer 42

A

Question 43

Play therapy is frequently used with children who are experiencing trauma or grief. Melanie Klein, a British psychiatrist, developed play therapy. In this therapy, toys or arts and crafts are used in rhe same way that dream analysis or free association are used by the ego rheorists with adults. Children express their feelings and work our their conflicts in play.
A)true
B)false

Answer 43

A

Question 44

NURSING IMPLICATIONS

Answer 44

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Question 45

Erikson’s psychosocial development theory is perhaps the most commonly accepted theory of personality development
A)true
B)false

Answer 45

A

Question 46

For example, if a pediatric client in the stage of Industry versus Inferiority is hospitalized, what kind of activities would the nurse provide for this client? The activity should promote the child’s achievement of the developmental task of Industry. This developmental task requires the child to do projects that provide a sense of accomplishment. A puzzle or a craft project could promote this child ‘s development.
A)true
B)false

Answer 46

A

Question 47

Erikson’s psychosocial stages are also used in nursing to understand the client’s priority concerns. Consider the case of two different clients with the same medical diagnosis: fractured femur. One is a 2-year-old boy and the other is a 40-year-old man.

The child’s developmental stage is Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt. His developmental task is to be independent of his parents. Without the fracture he would be walking or running all over the place. So, mobility is a priority for this child. He may benefit from a specially made walker or other mobility device that enables him to be mobile.

In contrast, the 40-year-old is in the stage of Generatively versus Stagnation. His developmental task (Generatively) requires that he get back to work. If he has a “desk” job, maybe work can be brought home for him. If not, perhaps his job can be modified until he recovers (maybe he can answer the phone). The adult has different priorities than the child because of his developmental tasks

Answer 47

True

Question 48

The 40-year-old man will probably be motivated to comply with any treatment that will help him get back to work
A)true
B) false

Answer 48

A

Question 49

Biological Theories

Answer 49

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Question 50

The biological theorists believe that people are born with certain predisposition(tendencies) and abilities that affect personality.
A)true
B)false

Answer 50

A

Question 51

The way people respond to stress, their susceptibility to developing mental disorders, even how they feel and act are caused by generic, chemical, and physiological forces.
A)true
B)false

Answer 51

A

Question 52

HANS EYSENCK

Answer 52

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Question 53

Eysenck’s idea is that some people inherently have a relatively low level of brain arousal. These people seek stimulation and are termed extroverts. Other people have a higher level of central nervous sysrem stimulation in general, so they tend to shy away from stimulating environments. These people are called introverts.
A)true
B)false

Answer 53

A

Question 54

Eysenck is a biological theorist because he thinks that human personality is rooted in our generics (our nature).
A)true
B)false

Answer 54

A

Question 55

THERAPEUTIC PERSPECTIVE

Answer 55

,

Question 56

The best evidence that biology affects thinking and behavior is found in psychopharmacology.
A)true
B)false

Answer 56

A

Question 57

The effectiveness of medication therapy for mental disorders has been a great breakthrough in the quality of life for the people involved, but medications are not the only answer. The facts are that

(l) drugs do not help everyone,
(2) people are not completely cured by them,
(3) individuals respond differently to drugs
(4) other approaches to treatment are also effective

Answer 57

True

Question 58

NURSING IMPLICATIONS

Answer 58

,

Question 59

Nurses administer medications, monitor the response of the client, and reach The client how to manage medications at home.
A)true
B)false

Answer 59

A

Question 60

Nurses take a holistic approach to client care, whatever the client’s diagnosis. Nursing theories recognize the client as a whole person made of mind, body, and spirit, who is influenced by internal (biological) and external (environmental) factors.
A)true
B)false

Answer 60

A

Question 61

Trait Theories

Answer 61

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Question 62

Trait theories attempt to summarize and predict human behavior by identifying universal personality traits. Friedman and Schustack (1999) describe one well accepted perspective on personality traits called the Big Five.
A)true
B)false

Answer 62

A

Question 63

In this theory there are five basic and universal (true across culture, gender, and age) personality traits:

• Ext·ro·version: Extroverted people tend to be energetic, enthusiastic, dominant, sociable, and talkative. The other side of this dimension is introversion. Introverted people tend to be shy, retiring, submissive, and quiet.
• Agreeableness: Agreeable people tend to be friendly, cooperative, crusting, and warm. People low on this dimension, who are disagreeable, tend to be argumentative, cold, and unkind.
• Conscientiousness: Conscientious people are steady, cautious, dependable, organized, and responsive. Impulsive people tend to be undependable, careless, and disorderly.
• Emotional stability: Emotionally stable people are relaxed and contented. Emotionally unstable (formerly called neurotic) people tend to be nervous, anxious, high-strung, and worrisome.
• Openness: Open people tend to be imaginative, creative, and witty. People low in this dimension, closed, are simple, plain, or superficial

Answer 63

True

Question 64

PSYCHOTHERAPY BY TRAIT THEORISTS

Answer 64

,

Question 65

Trait theory can be used to understand the client’s abilities and uniqueness.
A)true
B)false

Answer 65

A

Question 66

NURSING IMPLICATIONS

Answer 66

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Question 67

For example, consider a client who has been injured and must change careers. He asks the rehabilitation nurse for advice. The client is introverted, disagreeable, conscientious, emotionally stable, and closed. Since these traits are very difficult to change, the best advice for this client is not to pursue a career in child care, nursing, or retail sales because he does not enjoy or work well with people. He might be best suited for a job that requires skill with details (he is conscientious) but little contact with people, such as data processing, accounting, or computer applications
A)true
B)false

Answer 67

A

Question 68

Behaviorist and Learning Theories

Answer 68

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Question 69

The behaviorist theories are based on the idea that a behavior persists if it is positively reinforced. The behaviorists believe that personality is completely shaped by an individual’s life experiences. Therapy intended to change a behavior includes planning and practicing a new behavior that will be reinforced so the desired behavior will continue
A)true
B)false

Answer 69

A

Question 70

BEHAVIORAL THERAPY

Answer 70

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Question 71

Desensitization is a behaviorist approach to treating phobias (persistent irrational fears). In this technique the client is exposed to the feared object in small stages, achieving success many times, until the fear is finally confronted fully.

As an example, if a person has a phobia of snakes, the therapist may begin with a photograph of a snake. The client is reinforced with praise for looking at it and talking about it. They progress through seeing a toy snake, to seeing a real snake in a cage, and finally to actually touching a snake.

Answer 71

True

Question 72

NURSING IMPLICATIONS

Answer 72

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Question 73

Nurses use a behaviorist approach whenever they give positive reinforcement to clients for desirable healthy behavior. Behavior modification with positive reinforcement is often used with children (the nurse may give a colorful sticker when rhe child is cooperative with a procedure)
A)true
B)false

Answer 73

A

Question 74

Negative reinforcement is not commonly used. One example of behavior therapy with negative reinforcement is the drug disulfiram (Antabuse), which makes people violently ill when they drink alcohol.
A)true
B)false

Answer 74

A

Question 75

Cognitive Theories of Personality

Answer 75

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Question 76

Cognition is the mental process by which knowledge is acquired and processed , including reasoning, judgment, memory, awareness, and perception. The cognitive theorists believe that it is human perception, thinking, and judgment that make us human.
A)true
B)false

Answer 76

A

Question 77

GESTALT THEORY

Answer 77

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Question 78

GestaLt (which means pattern in German) psychology is a cognitive approach. The central idea in Gestalt psychology is that the complex pattern or arrangement of an experience is its essence. The essence of a complex experience is lost when it is taken apart for analysis of its parts. The main ideas in Gestalt theory are:
• Human beings seek meaning in their lives.
• People organize the stimuli they receive from the world around them into perceptions that have meaning to them.
• Complex experiences are more than the sum of their parts.

Answer 78

True

Question 79

JEAN PIAGET

Answer 79

,

Question 80

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development are summarized as follows:

Answer 80

,

Question 81

Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 Years) 
In this stage simple learning is governed by sensations. Children begin with reflex activity and then mature through simple repetitive behavior to imitative behavior. 

They begin to understand object permcemence, which means that an object continues to exist even when it is not visible. Children begin to use language and representational thought at the end of the sensorimotor period.

Answer 81

True

Question 82

Preoperational Stage (2-7 Years) 
In this stage children are egocentric (they are unable to imagine themselves in the place of another). They interpret events and objects in terms of their own relationship with or use for them. They can't understand another's point of view, and they can't see any reason to do so.

Answer 82

True

Question 83

Concrete Operations Stage (7-11 Years)
Concrete operational thinking is more logical and coherent. Children are able to classify, sort, order, and organize facts and objects.

They are able to organize facts for use in problem solving. They develop conservation, the concept that physical factors (volume, weight, and number) remain the same even though the outward appearance is changed. (The same amount of water is in an 8-ounce cup as in an 8-ounce bowl.)

Answer 83

True

Question 84

Formal Operations Stage (11-15 Years)
This stage is characterized by adaptability and flexibility. In this stage people can use abstract thinking and symbols. They are able to do logical problem solving, considering multiple variables. They can make hypotheses and test them.

People who use formal operational thinking are no longer constrained by what is; they can consider what might be

Answer 84

True

Question 85

CONTD..

Answer 85

,

Question 86

Self-efficacy is the belief that a person is able to cause a desired outcome (reach a goal) by his or her own efforts.
A)true
B)false

Answer 86

A

Question 87

COGNITIVE PSYCHOTHERAPY

Answer 87

,

Question 88

All the cognitive approaches share the view that human perception and human cognition (thinking) are at the center of what it means to be human.
A)true
B)false

Answer 88

A

Question 89

Cognitive therapists are not interested in unconscious or emotional motivations for behavior. Their goal is rational decision making through understanding thought processes.
A)true
B)false

Answer 89

A

Question 90

Gestalt Therapy

Answer 90

,

Question 91

Gestalt therapy focuses on the overall general meanings of client situations and behavior. These therapists do not look for unconscious or childhood meanings, but for the general significance of experiences to clients
A)true
B)false

Answer 91

A

Question 92

Cognitive Therapy

Answer 92

,

Question 93

cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). CBT is one of the most effective psychotherapeutic approaches
A)true
B)false

Answer 93

A

Question 94

NURSING IMPLICATIONS

Answer 94

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Question 95

We can promote self-efficacy in clients by:
• Being role models for healthy behavior
• Encouraging desirable behavior and discouraging undesirable behavior
• Allowing clients to calk about how they feel about behavior change
• Creating situations in which our clients can have positive experiences with health-promoting behavior

Answer 95

True

Question 96

Existential and Humanistic Theories

Answer 96

,

Question 97

Exisremial philosophy seeks the meaning of life or of human existence. The existentialists are more subjective than other theorists. One aspect of existential thought is phenomenology, the study of people’s subjective experiences or perceptions.
A)true
B)false

Answer 97

A

Question 98

Exisremial theories claim that physical laws are not enough to explain the complexities of human behavior. The existentialists consider creativity, individual initiative, and self-fulfillment as important personality facrors.
A)true
B)false

Answer 98

A

Question 99

ABRAHAM MASLOW

Answer 99

,

Question 100

, Abraham Maslow focused on human needs and the most highly evolved state of human development
A)true
B)false

Answer 100

A

Question 101

The base of the hierarchy is physiological needs. These needs muse be met before the person may work to achieve the next level. Physiological needs at their most basic include air, food, and water. Other physiological needs include sleep, exercise, elimination, and sexual expression.
A)true
B)false

Answer 101

A

Question 102

The next level is safety and security needs. These needs are characterized by avoiding harm, freedom from fear, physical safety, and maintaining comfort. A person must feel safe from danger before being able to concentrate on higher needs.
A)true
B)false

Answer 102

A

Question 103

Love and belonging needs come next. These needs include companionship, interpersonal relationships, giving and receiving affection, and affiliation with groups. Religious needs are part of this level.
A)true
B)false

Answer 103

A

Question 104

Esteem needs have both internal and external components. From others, people need respect, recognition, attention, and appreciation. From ourselves, we need self-esteem, confidence, a sense of freedom, dignity, and self-respect
A)true
B)false

Answer 104

A

Question 105

Maslow’s ulcimace level of human development is self-actualizacion. He describes self-actualized people as those who have realized their own potential, who prefer being themselves rather than being pretentious or artificial. They are self-directed, creative, and flexible. Self-actualized people can transcend themselves and connect with something beyond the self or help others find self-fulfillment and realize their potential
A)true
B)false

Answer 105

A

Question 106

HUMANISTIC PSYCHOTHERAPY

Answer 106

,

Question 107

Humanistic therapy encourages self-knowledge (insight) and authenticity in relationships. The goals of therapy are overcoming the crisis of discovering meaning in life and finding self-actualization, love, and dignity. Therapy is often conducted in groups.
A)true
B)false

Answer 107

A

Question 108

Humanistic therapists may encourage creative expression. They may encourage public service to combat alienation. Clients engaged in humanistic therapy are expected to take responsibility for their own behavior.
A)true
B)false

Answer 108

A

Question 109

NURSING IMPLICATIONS

Answer 109

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Question 110

Maslow’s hierarchy provides nurses with a basis for prioritizing client needs and nursing interventions. If a client has low self-esreem and also has inadequate nutrition, the nutritional needs must take priority because they are lower (more basic) on Maslow’s hierarchy. These needs must be met before the client is able to focus on esteem, and before nursing plans for esteem-building are implemented.
A)true
B)false

Answer 110

A

Question 111

CULTURAL PULSE POINTS

Transcultural Assessment Model

Answer 111

,

Question 112

Culture is beliefs, values, and behaviors that have been learned and passed down from one generation to the next. The definition sounds tame, but people are willing to fight and die for these cultural issues. If you value your family, your religious beliefs, your political views and way of life, you understand the power of culture.
A)true
B)false

Answer 112

A

Question 113

Fortunately, Giger and Davidhizar have formulated a model for assessment of culture that includes the six characteristics affecting health behavior that are common to all cultures:

1. Communication (verbal and nonverbal language, use of silence, pronunciation, voice quality)
2. Space (degree of comfort with closeness to others, body movement, perception of space)
3. Social organization (ethnicity, family and gender roles, work, leisure, religion, friends)
4. Time (use of time, measures of time, definition, social time, work time, time orientation: future, present, or past)
5. Environmental control (values, definition of health and illness, attitudes about who controls health such as physician, God, or client)
6. Biological variations (body structure, skin and hair color, physical characteristics, genetics, susceptibility to illness, nutritional preferences and tolerances, psychological characteristics)

Answer 113

True

Question 114

Interpersonal Theories

Answer 114

,

Question 115

INTERPERSONAL PSYCHOTHERAPY

Answer 115

,

Question 116

In the interpersonal approach the therapist helps the client develop trusting relationships, first with the therapist then with others. The client shares anxieties with the therapist. The therapist uses empathy to perceive the client’s feelings and uses the relationship as a corrective interpersonal experience. The relationship between the client and therapist helps develop feelings of security and relieve feelings of anxiety.
A)true
B)false

Answer 116

A

Question 117

NURSING IMPLICATIONS

Answer 117

,

Question 118

Peplau’s theory offers an explanation about how nurses can help clients make positive changes in their health and well-being. She suggests that nurses must become participant observers in therapeutic interactions with clients.
A)true
B)false

Answer 118

A

Question 119

Peplau outlined three phases of the nurse-client relationship:
• Orientation phase (expectations discussed and goals set)

• Working phase (identification of the problem and use of the process to enhance rhe client’s personal growth)
• Resolution or termination phase (relationship is terminated, outcomes summarized)

Answer 119

True

Question 120

She advocates a careful problem-solving approach to treatment. The nurse should first assist the client to identify and label current anxieties, encouraging self-understanding. The next step is for the nurse to help the client identify strategies to relieve the experience of anxiety. Third, the nurse assists the client to determine the causes of the anxiety. The fourth step involves helping the client gain personal insight (understanding of client’s own role) into the cause of the anxiety
A)true
B)false

Answer 120

A

Question 121

KEYTERMS

Answer 121

,

Question 122

Neurotransmitters-Chemicals that transmit impulses from one neuron to the next
A)true
B)false

Answer 122

A

Question 123

KEY Points

Answer 123

,

Question 124

• People feel, think, and behave in ways that are determined by a variety of internal and external factors.
• There are several theories of personality development. Each theory has its own therapeutic strategies. Current psychotherapy integrates a variety of approaches from different theories for the benefit of the client.
• Defense mechanisms distort reality to protect the self. Everybody uses them, adaptively or maladaptively.
• People must accomplish developmental tasks before they can move on to the next developmental level.
• Psychopharmacology (study of medications that affect thinking and behavior) is an important part of the biological theory of personality.
• The five universal personality traits are extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness. Each individual has each of these traits to a greater or lesser degree.
• Feelings, emotions, and behavior can be learned and changed.
• The six aspects of culture that affect health behavior are communication, space, social organization, time, environmental control, and biological variations.
• Because of the process of cognitive development, people learn differently at different ages.

Answer 124

True

Question 125

• It is human to search for meaning in life.
• People are affected by relationships and interactions with other people.
• The nurse-client relationship is the foundation of nursing care.
• Everyone continues developing throughout life. Nurses can promote personal growth in clients of any age.
• Nursing care is holistic: it is concerned with the body, mind, and spirit of the client.
• Nurses must prioritize their actions, providing for the client’s most basic needs first.

Answer 125

True

Question 126

NCLEX PREP

Answer 126

,

Question 127

As defined by Freud, the ego is that part of the mind that contains:

1. The basic instincts and urges.
2. The conscience.
3. The ability to respond to the realities of everyday life.
4. All elements of the holistic person.

Answer 127

3

Question 128

A student who goes to the gym routinely after school to relieve the stress of studying is using the defense mechanism of:

1. Compensation.
2. Rationalization.
3. Sublimation.
4. Repression.

Answer 128

3

Question 129

According to Erikson’s theory of psychosocial
development, children between the ages of 6 and 12 should be:
1. Beginning to develop consciences.
2. Disciplined for any incontinence episodes.
3. Competing with their peers following the rules of the game.
4. Integrating their personal values with those of society.

Answer 129

3

Question 130

The successful use of antipsychotic medications indicates that there is validity to which theory of personality development?

1. Biological
2. Trait
3. Humanistic
4. Behaviorist

Answer 130

1

Question 131

When a client who has a phobia against flying is shown videos of airplanes taking off and landing and photos taken from the windows of planes in flight, that client is being treated with which approach of the behaviorists?

1. Reality confrontation
2. Assertiveness
3. Desensitization
4. Reinforcement

Answer 131

3

Question 132

Administering the drug disulfiram (Antabuse) to an alcoholic client to make him violently ill if he drinks alcohol while on the drug is an example of:

1. Reality confrontation.
2. Behavior modification.
3. Desensitization.
4. Positive reinforcement

Answer 132

2

Question 133

When nurses encourage desirable behavior in their clients and discourage undesirable behaviors, they are promoting 
\_\_\_ _ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in their clients. 
1. Self-efficacy 
2. Assertiveness 
3. Determinism 
4. Dependence

Answer 133

1

Question 134

A demanding client who is constantly putting the call light on for small, nonessential tasks, such as “fluffing” the pillow or straightening the covers, might be experiencing which human needs according to Maslow’s hierarchy?

1. Physiological
2. Self-esteem
3. Love and belonging
4. Safety and security

Answer 134

4

Question 135

A nurse who assists a client in discovering his own options for problem solving without telling him what to do is using which technique developed by Hildegard Peplau?

1. Interpersonal
2. Developmental
3. Behavior modification
4. Psychoanalytical

Answer 135

1

Question 136

The ego, as defined by Freud, is the “I”, which develops to respond to the realities of everyday life. The basic instincts and urges comprise the I’d. The conscience is the superego. All of these elements combine to form the total, or a holistic, person
A)true
B)false

Answer 136

A

Question 137

Children between the ages of six and 12 are working through the task of industry versus inferiority. It is important for children of this age to learn how to corporate and compete with others,following rules
A)true
B)false

Answer 137

A

Question 138

The success of antipsychotic medication lends support to the biological theory of personality development
A)true
B)false

Answer 138

A

Question 139

Antipsychotics affect the neurotransmitter amounts in the brain, which minimizes certain psychotic behaviors.
A)true
B)false

Answer 139

A

Question 140

Administering the drug disulfiram(Antabuse). Is a type of behavior modification by negative reinforcement. This is a technique used to change drinking behavior. The believe is that if the client associate Alcohol with being violently ill, the behavior will stop.
A)true
B)false

Answer 140

A

Question 141

When ever a client feels insecure, having a staff person present is all things reassuring
A)true
B)false

Answer 141

A

Question 142

Hildegard peplau Develop the interpersonal THEROY of nursing. She saw the nurse as a tool in assisting clients to see their options in life’s decision-making process
A)true
B)false

Answer 142

A

Question 143

Physiological
The client needs to be bad is having a physiological needs met.

Safety and security
The total dependent client with lowered side rails requires care based on a safety and security ISSUSES

Love and belonging
The client who has received no visitors or phone calls in the last three days might have issues in the love and belonging realm .

Esteem and recognition
The client who is disfigured runs the risk of lowered self esteem and acceptance based on physical appearance

Self-actualization
The client who is seeking to read is advancing into the realm of self actualization

Answer 143

Abraham Maslow hierarchy of needs

Question 144

In planning care for clients, the nurse who applies the most current personality theories, should focus on which of the following ideas?

A)Holism and the client as a total being
B)false

Answer 144

A

Question 145

A nurse has been working for a long time with a client whose bone scan has revealed osteopenia. The nurse has been unsuccessful in getting the client to take a calcium supplement or begin an exercise program. Which of the following actions would be most appropriate next?

A)Repeat the educational material related to osteoporosis and osteopenia.

B)Call the client’s denial to the client’s attention and discuss adaptive options.

Answer 145

B

Question 146

If the nurse were using Jung’s analytic psychology theories in work with clients, s/he would provide care based upon the belief that the major influence in determining the course of a persons life is which of the following beliefs?

A)Desire to be in control

B)A person’s motives and goals

Answer 146

B

Question 147

A nurse is using ideas developed by Karen Horney in parent education classes. This would indicate that the focus of the class would be teaching parents:

A)To model the behavior they want to see in their children and provide a warm, nurturing environment.
B)false

Answer 147

A

Question 148

When clients complain of being stressed and unable to relax, the nurse may teach them relaxation exercises during which they relax the muscles of the body in a progressive fashion. The nurse understands if s/he wants clients to continue this exercise on their own later, s/he must add which behavior modification technique to the teaching?

A)Positive reinforcement
B)false

Answer 148

A

Question 149

The spouse of a client in Hospice care, asks the nurse why his wife has to die before him. The nurse accepts the existential and humanistic personality theories, particularly the logotherapy of Viktor Frankl. Which of the following interventions by the nurse is most in keeping with this theory?

A)Listen to the spouse and encourage him to reflect on this question and answer it himself through the magnitude of his love.
B)false

Answer 149

A

Question 150

When doing client teaching with a 6-year-old child about management of their illness, the nurse would most need to do which of the following things to help the child understand the instructions?

A)Teach the material using puppets to tell the instructions

B)Carefully avoid the use of abstractions and use concrete terms

Answer 150

B

Question 151

An elderly client in the long-term care facility says, “I am going to die, and none of my children will care. The only thing they care about is my money. My life was such a waste.” The nurse recognizes that this client is in Erikson’s ego integrity versus despair stage of psychosocial development. Which of the following actions by the nurse would be most helpful in assisting this client to resolve his developmental crisis?

A)Work with treatment team to help this client record a story of his life.
B)false

Answer 151

A

Question 152

The nurse has enjoyed working with one of the assigned clients who is going home from the hospital soon. The client says to the nurse, “I wish you would visit me at my home. I am lonely and would love you to be my friend.” Using Hildegard Peplau’s theories, which of the following would be the nurse’s best response?

A)”If I visit, it must be as a friend and not as a nurse.”

B)”I can’t visit you at home, but I want to work with you on this loneliness.”

Answer 152

B

Question 153

ALFRED ADLER

Answer 153

,

Question 154

Alfred Adler was interested in the need for a sense of autonomy and control. He was the first to use the term Inferiority complex to describe people who are so frustrated
in their arremprs co succeed (or “strive for superiority” in his theory) that they give up crying. He was also the first
To include social influences as important factors in development of personality.
A)true
B)false

Answer 154

A

Question 155

Adler studied the effects of birth order on personality development.

He found that first-born children strive to regain the status they once had as only children. They tend to be leaders, nurturers, and high achievers.

Second-born children experience rivalry from the beginning, so they seek competition and strive for greater achievements.

Last-born children, according to Adler, are more pampered than the other children. They have more sibling role models for comparison and may feel overly pressured to succeed in every area achieved by their siblings

Answer 155

True