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Year One: Semester One > Term 2: Protection > Flashcards

Term 2: Protection Flashcards

1
Q

What is Lanugo?

A

Downy hair on newborn.

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2
Q

What is Vernix?

A

Waxy, cheese-like substance in newborn’s creases.

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3
Q

What are Epstein’s pearls?

A

Yellow, whitish cysts on new born babies gums.

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4
Q

What is Millia?

A

Little white cysts on skin of newborns.

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5
Q

What are Mongolian spots?

A

Blueish, gray patches on newborn babies skin, usually on buttocks and lower back.

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6
Q

What is acrocyanosis?

A

Blue colouration of extremities in newborn.

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7
Q

What is jaundice?

A

Yellow skin.

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8
Q

What are strawberry marks?

A

Red lump on babies skin.

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9
Q

What is a port wine stain?

A

Red stain like birth mark on babies skin usually on face.

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10
Q

What is cradle cap?

A

Scally dandruff on babies head.

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11
Q

What is impetigo?

A

Bacterial skin infection associated with round oozing patches of skin, usually around nose and mouth.

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12
Q

What is cellulitis?

A

Bacterial infection of skin usually in a limb but can affect any part of body and can lead to septicemia (blood poisoning).

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13
Q

What are some predisposing factors of skin infections in children?

A

Socioeconomic deprivation, reduced access to medical care, warm humid climates, poor hygiene, overcrowding, skin disease, skin infestations, bites and trauma.

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14
Q

What are some potential complications of skin infections?

A

Surgical emergencies, septicemia (blood poisoning), pneumonia, meningitis.

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15
Q

How to prevent skin infections:

A

Keep skin clean, clean hands often, cut fingernails, cover sores.

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16
Q

What does the clinical judgement model consist of?

A

Noticing, interpreting, responding and reflecting

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17
Q

What is the function of the skin?

A

Protection against mechanical, chemical, bacterial, UV radiation, sudden temperature changes and dryness.

Protects with use of nerves and sensors to identify pain and heat.

Manufacturers vitamin D from sunlight to ensure calcium absorption to ensure bone strength.

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18
Q

Structure of skin:

A

Epidermis, dermis and hypodermis.

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19
Q

Structure of epidermis:

A

Consists of cells tightly packed together providing a protective barrier. Made up of five strata. Contains various cells with their own function, contains no nerves, no glands, covered in normal flora.

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20
Q

What are the layers in the epidermis?

A
  • Basal (deepest layer)
  • Spinsosum
  • Granulosum,
  • Lucidum,
  • Corneum (outer layer that is shed)
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21
Q

What are the layers in the dermis?

A

Papillary layer and reticular layer.

Papillary - superfical layer just below the epidermis, disease of the skin usually happens here.

Reticular - deeper, thick layer. Contains more fibre, blood vessels, sweat and oil glands. Less likely to encounter skin disease.

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22
Q

What are the junctions found in epithelial tissue?

A
  • Tight junctions (forms a seal between membranes of surrounding cells to prevent movement between cells.
  • Desmosomes (forms a seal between surrounding cells however does not prevent movement of substances between cells)
  • Gap junctions (forms a connection to neighboring cells to ensure communication occurs)
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23
Q

What are keratinocytes?

A

They are located in the spinosum, produce keratin (a tough fibrous protein), they are pushed towards the corneum layer and shed.

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24
Q

What are melanocytes?

A

Located in the basal layer of the epidermis, manufacture melanin and shield the skin from UV radiation.

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25
Q

What is dendritic or langerhan?

A

Located in the spinosum, activate the immune system, ingests bacteria and foreign particles.

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26
Q

What are fibroblasts?

A

Produces collagen (responsible for skin’s thickness and toughness) and elastin (gives skin elasticity)

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27
Q

What are macrophages?

A

Begin as monocytes, found in organs of lymphatic systems, engulph antigens.

Memory cells can recognize pathogens later because macrophages have fragments of antigens visable.

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28
Q

What is a monocyte?

A

A large white blood cell. Moves in to the tissues where they turn in to macrophages.

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29
Q

Dermis layer of skin ranges in thickness true or false?

A

True.

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30
Q

Name four accessory structures in the skin:

A

Blood vessels - Blood flows through capillaries and is controlled by sphincters. This is essential in regulating temperature.

Sebaceous glands - Located in dermis, attached to hair follicles near epidermis. Many are found on the forehead, nose, shoulders, upper chest, upper back, arms. Secretes sebum which is water repellent contributing to protection of the skin from water, microbes and chemicals.

Sweat glands - found in the dermis, open directly onto the skin surface. Produce and secrete sweat which works as antibacterial and to lower body temp.

Nerves - are associated with sensations of pain, movement, pressure etc.

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31
Q

What is step one of the three principals of skin assessment?

A
  • Step one: prepare the environment.

Private and quiet area with stable temperature with adequate lighting and skin exposure.

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32
Q

What is step two of the three principals of skin assessment?

A
  • Step two: gather relevant information.

This includes past medical history, medications, environmental and occupational hazards, substance abuse, recent stressors, hair/nail/skin habits, skin problems.

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33
Q

What is step three of the three principals of skin assessment?

A

Step three: observe and feel the skin.

Asses temperature, colour, skin changes, texture, oedema, turgor, hair and nails.

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34
Q

When assessing hair, what should be looked at?

A

Hair should be shiny, clean, untangled.

Distribution of hair, colour of hair, quantity of hair.

35
Q

When assessing nails, what should be looked at?

A

Should be transparent, smooth, well-rounded, convex, cap refill.

Age, anxiety, habit, self care.

36
Q

How can skin integrity be improved?

A

Regular assessment, avoidance, drying, application and clothing.

37
Q

What are arrector pili?

A

Smooth muscle cells in hair follicles. They stand up when cold or scared.

38
Q

Where does hair get its strength and colour from?

A

Strength from keratin, colour from melanin.

39
Q

What forms a nails protective function?

A

Keratin.

40
Q

What determines a person’s skin colour?

A

Melanin - melanin’s production is dependent on genetics and sun exposure.

41
Q

What is cyanosis?

A

Blue/gray colouration of skin can be caused by lack of oxygen in blood.

42
Q

What is carotene?

A

Yellow/orange pigmentation reflected by diet high in beta-carotene.

43
Q

What is bilirubin or jaundice?

A

Yellow pigmentation reflects liver and blood diseases.

44
Q

What is pallor?

A

Pale skin.

45
Q

What is erythema?

A

Red skin in response to hot environment, fever, inflammation or allergy.

46
Q

What is a wound and what needs to be considered in regards to a wound?

A

A wound is a disruption to normal structure and function of skin.

Need to consider what caused the wound, skin condition, when did it occur, location and size, is it getting better or worse, what treatment may be needed and how deep.

47
Q

What is an accute wound?

A

Treatment is specific, healing occurs within time frame, heals faster with less complications, minimal loss of tissue.

48
Q

What is a chronic wound?

A

Treatment can change, healing can take a long time, large amount of tissue loss, edges do not come together, risk of infection is high, some do not heal.

49
Q

What are the steps of wound healing?

A
  • Inflammatory and immune response is stimulated.

- chemical processes act on damaged tissue producing a continuation of regrowth and repair of tissue.

50
Q

Damage and breakage to blood vessels does not impact wound healing, true or false?

A

False, healing does depend on whether there is damage to blood vessels.

51
Q

What are the steps of haemostasis?

A
  • Vessels contstrict to stop bleeding.
  • Platelets arrive and stick to collagen fibres found at wound site.
  • More platelets arrive sticking to collagen and sticking together bringing wound edges together to form clot.
  • Clot releases fibrin to restore the epidermis and prevent invasion of microorganisms.
52
Q

What is inflammation?

A

Involves vasodilation, which increases blood flow, which increases a number of leukocytes (neutrophils, monocytes and macrophanges) to wound site removing any microorganisms reducing risk of infection.

53
Q

What does regeneration/scarring consist of?

A
  • Epithelial cells migrate from wound edges
  • Fibroblasts manufacture collagen and elastin
  • Capillaries regenerate and bring nourishment to wound site
  • Collagen forms a scar, wound is close and granulated tissue is formed.
54
Q

Factors that impact wound healing:

A

Infection, nutrition, age, health issues (diabetes, immune etc), smoking, medications.

55
Q

Environmental protective barriers of the body:

A
  • Hairs
  • Cilia located in upper resp. tract
  • Stomach and vaginal pH
  • Mucous membranes line body cavities that open to the exterior.
56
Q

Is haemostasis an example of positive or negative feedback?

A

Positive feedback.

57
Q

Main functions of the lymphatic system:

A
  • Provide a habitat for immune cells.
  • To filter and return interstitial fluid to blood - blood volume remains stable.
  • Absorption of fats and fat soluble vitamins from the small intestine to the blood.
58
Q

What do lymph vessels do?

A

They are vessels that carry lymph to the capillaries where the lymph goes around the system and eventually end up in the blood via two large ducts (right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct).

59
Q

What are lymph nodes and what is their function?

A

They are found in armpit, groin, axilla, neck etc.. Their job is to rid the body of pathogens. Large numbers of pathogens get caught in the nodes, making them swollen and sore resulting in what we call swollen glands. When pathogens come in to contact with lymph, lymph nodes identify them and use macrophages and lymphocytes to destroy them before lymph returns to blood. This is a protection mechanism.

LYMPH NODES FILTER LYMPH

60
Q

What role does spleen play in protection?

A

It consists of red and white pulp and works to filter the blood.

Red pulp consists of blood, red blood cell tissue, lymphocytes and macrophages.

White pulp consists of lymphocytes and macrophages.

61
Q

What role does the thymus glad play in protection?

A

It’s an area where T lymphocytes develop and mature.

62
Q

What is MALT?

A

Stands for: mucosa associate lymphoid tissue.

Protects body from invasion in places where invasion is likely to occur, eg. mouth, nose, GI tract, appendix, tonsils and peyers patches.

63
Q

How do tonsils protect from invasion?

A

They trap and remove pathogens.

64
Q

What are peyers patches and what do they do?

A

They are located in mucosa and submucosa of small intestine (ileum)

They destroy pathogens and prevent them from existing in undigested food.

65
Q

What are some examples of non specific 1st line defenses?

A
  • intact skin
  • acidic pH of vagina and gastric juices
  • tears
  • saliva
  • nasal hairs
  • sebum
66
Q

What are three cells of the immune system?

A
  • granulocytes
  • lymphocytes
  • monocytes
67
Q

Paracetamol is an anti-pyretic true or false?

A

True!

68
Q

Why does a fever happen when we get sick?

A

It is the body’s attempt to reduce number of pathogens by increasing body temperature. Fever prevents them multiplying.

69
Q

What happens internally when you get a fever?

A
  • pathogens enter body.
  • pyrogens are released which release prostaglandins which act on hypothalamus.
  • body temp rises and you shivver to warm self.
  • once organism is destroyed, hypothalamus resets the temp and sweating occurs.
70
Q

What is hepatoxicity?

A

Acute liver failure, can be caused by paracetamol over dose.

71
Q

In order for the the immune system to function, what important things must it be able to do?

A
  • Determine the difference between self and non self.
  • Communicate with other cells.
  • Stimulate other cells to assist in maintaining defense.
  • Destroy the invader.
72
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

It is the first line of defense and is non specific. This immunity is present at birth and is a quick inflammatory response to any type of invasion.

73
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

White blood cells, effective at destroying foreign cells and come in to fight invaders first.

74
Q

What do natural born killer cells do?

A

They release chemicals on to pathogens membrane causing it to disintegrate.

75
Q

Are natural born killer cells lymphocytes?

A

Yes but they are not phagocytic.

76
Q

What do cytokines do?

A
  • Regulate immune function
  • Stimulate the action of macrophages, neutrophils and natural killer cells
  • Stimulates vasodilation.
  • Stimulate the production of various other cells.
77
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

It is slower than innate immunity, requires memory to identify the invader.

  • It is antigen specific .
  • Not restricted to a localised site
78
Q

What are the primary cells in adaptive immunity?

A

Lymphocytes and macrophages.

79
Q

What are B cells and T cells?

A
  • B cells use antibodies to destroy antigens in the blood stream. Produced in bone marrow. Antibody mediated.
  • T cells develop and mature in the thymus and are non antibody producing. Cell mediated - destroy antigens that have entered the host’s cell.
80
Q

What is active immunity?

A
  • it is an active response to vaccine or to foreign antigens.
  • body makes antibodies for itself.
81
Q

What is passive immunity?

A
  • antibodies are given to the person either by injection or are passed naturally from mother to baby.
82
Q

Why does an autoimmune disease occur?

A

The ability to distinguish between self and non self is impaired due to dysfunction in lymphocytes ‘learning’.

The immune system turns on self and attacks self antigens.

83
Q

What is an allergy and why does it occur?

A

A reaction to certain substances (allergins). It is not the substance that is harmful, but the immune response.

Allergins can be mild eg. dust, pollen, food or they can be more severe eg. bee stings, penicillan.

Year One: Semester One (4 decks)

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