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Year One: Semester One > Term 1: Foundation, infection and movement > Flashcards

Term 1: Foundation, infection and movement Flashcards

0
Q

Define ‘pyrexia’

A

High body temperature.

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1
Q

Define ‘dysuria’

A

Pain, discomfort or burning during urination.

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2
Q

Define ‘polyuria’

A

Increased volume and frequency of urination.

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3
Q

Define ‘polyphagia’

A

Increased appetite, excessive hunger.

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4
Q

Define ‘polydipsia’

A

Excessive thirst.

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5
Q

Define ‘anatomy’

A

Structure and internal workings.

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6
Q

Explain difference between ‘macro’ and ‘micro’ anatomy.

A

Macro anatomy are systems seen with the eye. Micro are systems studied with the use of a microscope.

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7
Q

Define ‘physiology’

A

The study of how living organisms function.

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8
Q

Acromial means:

A

Shoulder.

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9
Q

Cephalon means:

A

Head section.

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10
Q

Cervical means:

A

Neck.

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11
Q

Popliteal means:

A

Knee.

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12
Q

Sura means:

A

Calf in leg.

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13
Q

Calcaneus means:

A

Heel bone.

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14
Q

Planta means:

A

Sole of foot.

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15
Q

Gluteus means:

A

Bottom.

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16
Q

Lumbar means:

A

Lower spine.

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17
Q

Dorsal means:

A

Back.

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18
Q

Umbilicus means:

A

Belly.

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19
Q

Axilla means:

A

Arm pit.

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20
Q

Brachial means:

A

Arm.

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21
Q

Carpal means:

A

Hand/palm.

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22
Q

Phalanges/digits mean:

A

Fingers

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23
Q

Patella means:

A

Knee cap

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24
Q

Inguinal means:

A

Groin

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25
Q

Femur means:

A

Thigh

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26
Q

Crus/crural means:

A

Leg

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27
Q

Skin is a primary organ of which system and what is it’s primary function?

A

Integumentary and it forms a barrier to protect the body.

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28
Q

Primary organs of digestive system and their function

A

Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine. Their function is to convert food in to energy by breaking it down.

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29
Q

Heart is the main organ in what system? What is it’s function?

A

Cardiovascular. Delivers blood to the body’s tissues.

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30
Q

Lungs are the primary organ in what system? What’s the main function?

A

Respiratory system. Intake and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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31
Q

Spleen belongs to what system? What is the main function?

A

Lymphatic. It’s function is to cleanse the blood.

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32
Q

What system is the brain in? What’s it’s primary function?

A

Nervous system. It’s the control system of the body.

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33
Q

Main organs of endocrine system and main function.

A

Pancreas and testes. Produce hormones.

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34
Q

Kidneys and bladder are part of which system and what is their function?

A

Urinary/renal. Eliminate waste from the body.

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35
Q

Reproduction system main organs and function.

A

Testes and ovaries. Produce egg and sperm. Fertilization and development of offspring.

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36
Q

Difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

A

Sympathetic is fight or flight. Focusing on keeping body alive. Heart races, sweating, fast breathing.

Parasympathetic is most active when resting. Focuses on digestion.

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37
Q

Difference between afferent and efferent:

A

Afferent: sensory part that takes messages TO the central nervous system from sensory receptors

Efferent: the motor part that carries impulses FROM the central nervous system to muscles and glands causing a motor response.

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38
Q

Cytology is:

A

The study of cells

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39
Q

Supine is:

A

Face up.

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40
Q

Ventral body cavity contains:

A

Thoracic and abdominal cavity

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41
Q

Histology means:

A

Study of tissues

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42
Q

Prone means:

A

Face down.

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43
Q

Medial means:

A

Towards the trunk

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44
Q

Lateral means

A

Away from the trunk

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45
Q

Hepatic means

A

Liver

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46
Q

Ante/pre means:

A

Before

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47
Q

‘itis’means:

A

Inflammation

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48
Q

Epi means:

A

Outside

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49
Q

Stasis means:

A

Unchanging

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50
Q

Two body systems involved in homeostasis:

A

Nervous and endocrine

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51
Q

Role of sensor in homeostasis:

A

Identifies the change

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52
Q

Role of integrating centre in homeostasis:

A

Takes control over the change

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53
Q

Role of effector in homeostasis:

A

Brings about events that work against the change

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54
Q

Negative and positive feedback. What the difference?

A

Negative feedback works to reduce the change. Eg sweating when hot.

Positive feedback increases the change. Eg a scab forming to stop bleeding.

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55
Q

Total body water in older adult vs infant

A

Older adults body weight is 45% water. Infants is 75%.

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56
Q

Four organs and their fluid output per day:

A

Kidneys - 1200 to 1500ml
Skin - 500 to 600ml
Respiratory system - 400ml
Gastrointestinal - 100 to 200 ml

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57
Q

Define solution:

A

Mix of substances that are dissolved

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58
Q

Define solvent

A

The substance that there is more of. It dilutes the solute.

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59
Q

Define solute:

A

The substance that there is less of. The one that gets dissolved.

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60
Q

Define diffusion:

A

Movement of molecules from HIGH to low concentration until equal on both sides - spread out.

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61
Q

Define osmosis:

A

Movement of fluid through a semi permeable membrane from LOW to high concentration - to dilute.

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62
Q

Define isotonic:

A

When concentration is equal

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63
Q

Hypotonic means:

A

Low concentration

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64
Q

Hypertonic means

A

High concentration

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65
Q

If something has a pH of less than 7 it is:

A

Acidic

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66
Q

If something has a pH of more than 7 it is:

A

Basic or alkaline

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67
Q

Three buffer systems in the body are:

A

Phosphate, protein and bicarbonate

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68
Q

The two body systems that will maintain homeostasis when acid/base balance is impaired are:

A

Respiratory and renal

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69
Q

What is the purpose of Nursing assessment?

A

To collect information so that judgment can be made on nursing action. Looking at signs and symptoms.

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70
Q

List Gordon’s 11 functional health patterns.

A
  1. Health perception/management
  2. Nutrition
  3. Elimination
  4. Activity and exersize
  5. Cognition
  6. Sleep and rest
  7. Self perception
  8. Sexuality and reproduction
  9. Coping and stress tolerance
  10. Role relationships
  11. Values and beliefs
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71
Q

Objective and subjective data. What is the difference?

A

Objective data is observable and measurable. It can be backed up by evidence.

Subjective is what the person tells you.

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72
Q

Information provided by a client:

A

Vital signs, pain, height, weight, signs and symptoms

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73
Q

Information provided by family and significant others could be:

A

Family history, behaviour and ability

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74
Q

Ways health care team members identify data:

A

Patient interview, physical examination, previous medical records.

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75
Q

Information provided by health care records:

A

Patterns of illness, previous responses to treatment and past methods of coping.

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76
Q

What is the major purpose of an interview?

A

Obtain information from the client. History, health needs, risk factors, changes in wellness, living patterns. Also helps clients interpret their understanding of the condition.

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77
Q

Define nurse-client relationship

A

Association between nurse and client, mutually concerned for client’s wellbeing. Creates trust.

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78
Q

Difference between focused and comprehensive interview

A

Focused is focusing on one thing.

Comprehensive is holistic. Looks at the whole person’s health and wellbeing

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79
Q

Temp range for adult

A

36 to 38

80
Q

Pyrexia means:

A

Elevation of body temperature

81
Q

Radiation means:

A

Transfer of heat without contact

82
Q

Conduction means:

A

Transfer of heat with contact

83
Q

Convection means:

A

Heat transferred by circulation of heated particles

84
Q

Diaphoresis means:

A

Sweating

85
Q

Thermo regulation is:

A

Homeostatic process to maintain ideal body temp

86
Q

Sites for taking temperature:

A

Axilla, oral, tympanic, anal/rectal

87
Q

Radial pulse bpm for adults:

A

60-100bpm

88
Q

Define apical:

A

Listening to pulse requires a stethoscope here. Between 4th and 5th inter costal space.

89
Q

Dysrythmia means:

A

Abnormal rhythm

90
Q

Meaning of rate, rhythm, strength and equality:

A

Rate: each set of heart sounds counted as one heartbeat.

Rhythm: regular interval between each pulse

Strength: reflects the volume of blood ejected.

Equality: all pulse sites should have same bpm

91
Q

Adult respiration rate:

A

12 to 20

92
Q

Ventilation means:

A

Movement of gases in and out of lungs

93
Q

Perfusion means:

A

Distribution to and from pulmonary capillaries

94
Q

Dyspnoa means

A

Laboured breathing

95
Q

Orthopnoea means:

A

Breathing easier when sitting up

96
Q

When assessing respiration, what are the following terms: observe, palpate, listen, rate depth and rhythm

A

Observe: notice or see

Palpate: feel, touch

Listen: hearing, pay attention to sound

Rate, depth and rhythm: look for patterns

97
Q

Blood pressure is the result of the relationship between which five things and what do they mean?

A

Cardiac output: the amount of blood pumped over a minute

Peripheral vascular resistance: opposition to blood flow through arteries. Vessels become clogged, more pressure is needed.

Blood volume: amount of blood in system. Higher volume-higher BP

Blood viscosity: the greater the viscosity the higher the BP

Elasticity of vessel walls: greater resistance to blood flow, higher BP

98
Q

Blood volume in litres for new born and adult:

A

Newborn: 0.3

Adult: men 5 / women 4.5

99
Q

Viscosity means:

A

How well blood flows through small vessels

100
Q

Elasticity:

A

How elastic vessel walls are. How well they can acomadate change.

101
Q

Systolic:

A

Systolic over diastolic. When the ventricles of the heart push blood through.

102
Q

Diastolic:

A

Bottom number. When the ventricles relax.

103
Q

Hypertension and hypotension.

A

High blood pressure and low blood pressure

104
Q

Adult range for blood pressure:

A

Systolic: 110 to 140
Diastolic: 60 to 90

105
Q

Common problems with BP measurement:

A

Size of cuff
Inflating and deflating cuff incorrectly
Positioning of stethoscope
Positioning of sphygmo

106
Q

Common cold is caused by:

A

Virus

107
Q

Shingles is caused by:

A

Virus

108
Q

Chicken pox is caused by

A

Virus

109
Q

Mumps is caused by

A

Virus

110
Q

Impetigo is caused by

A

Bacteria

111
Q

Giardia is caused by

A

Protozoa/parasite/virus

112
Q

Polio is caused by:

A

Virus

113
Q

Chicken pox is caused by

A

Virus

114
Q

Candida albicans is caused by

A

Fungi

115
Q

Whooping cough is caused by

A

Bacteria

116
Q

Hepatitis is caused by

A

Virus

117
Q

Normal flora on skin and location:

A

Staph aureus. Located in axilla, groin, hair follicles, skin crevices

118
Q

Normal flora in Gastrointestinal tract and location:

A

E. Coli. Stomach, large intestine

119
Q

Name of a normal flora in respiratory tract and location.

A

Streptococci. In nose, throat, upper respiratory tract.

120
Q

Normal flora in the genitourinary tract and location.

A

Lactobacillus. Located in the urethra. Vagina.

121
Q

Depending on the source of the causative organism, an infectious disease is endogenous or exogenous. Define.

A

Endogenous means produced inside the body.

Exogenous means due to an external cause.

122
Q

Define virulence

A

The ability of a microorganism to produce disease.

123
Q

Define opportunistic infection.

A

Caused by an organism that doesn’t usually cause disease

124
Q

Pathogenicity:

A

The ability of an organism to cause disease

125
Q

Define host resistence/susceptibility:

A

Ability of the body to prevent an occurrence of an infection

126
Q

Define predisposing factor:

A

Factors associated with health or lack of it.

127
Q

Pandemic:

A

An epidemic that spreads globally

128
Q

Toxin:

A

Poison produced by bacteria.

129
Q

Pathogen:

A

An organism capable of disease.

130
Q

Regarding infection, what is the definition of localised, systemic, primary, second, chronic and health care associated infection (HAI).

A

Localised: limited to a certain area.

Systemic: affecting the whole body

Primary: first

Secondary: second

Chronic: develops slowly and tends to worsen. Complete cure is difficult to obtain.

HAI: occur when a person is receiving health care eg. Norovirus spreading through the rest home. Usually carried by RNs hands.

131
Q

What happens during the incubation period?

A

This is the time between infection and the appearance of signs and symptoms.

132
Q

What happens during the prodromal stage?

A

The microorganism multiplies. Non specific symptoms occur. Immune system may be strong enough to stop the disease at this point.

133
Q

What happens during the illness stage?

A

Damage occurs. Signs and symptoms appear.

134
Q

What happens during the convalescence stage?

A

Symptoms disappear and the person begins to feel better.

135
Q

How can a nurse help break the chain of infection for infectious agent?

A

Prompt treatment, decontamination, rapid identification.

136
Q

How can a nurse help break the chain of infection for reservoir?

A

Hand hygiene, environmental cleanliness.

137
Q

How can a nurse break the chain of infection for portal of exit?

A

Waste disposal, control of secretions

138
Q

How can a nurse break the chain of infection for mode of transmission?

A

Air flow control, disinfection, hand hygiene

139
Q

How can a nurse break the chain of infection for portal of entry?

A

Wound care, catheter care

140
Q

How can a nurse break the chain of infection for susceptible host?

A

Recognition of high risk patients. Treatment of primary disease.

141
Q

Define meaning of chain of infection:

A

A theory of infection control

142
Q

Define standard precautions

A

Precautions usually taken anyway

143
Q

Define aseptic technique:

A

Excludes pathogens from the environment. Eg sterile gloves.

144
Q

Define medical asepsis:

A

Free from living pathenogenic microorganisms

145
Q

Function of joints:

A

Where two bones meet. Responsible for movement.

146
Q

Function of cartilage and ligaments

A

Connect bones together, ligaments provide joint stability

147
Q

5 major regions of the vertebrae column

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx.

148
Q

Function of invertebral disks

A

They cushion the vertebrae, absorb shocks and allow spine flexibility

149
Q

What happens to invertebral disks with age?

A

They dehydrate and weaken

150
Q

The sternum is the result of the fusion of three bones: name each of these bones

A

Manubrium, body and xiphoid

151
Q

How many pairs of ribs do we have?

A

12

152
Q

Function of bone tissue

A

Maintain and repairs bone.

153
Q

Two examples of long bones

A

Humerus and femur

154
Q

Two examples of short bones

A

Wrist and ankle

155
Q

Two examples of flat bones

A

Sternum and skull

156
Q

Two examples of irregular bones

A

Vertebra and hip bones

157
Q

Two examples of sesamoid bones

A

Sesamoid bones are bones with tendons and muscle imbedded. Patella and big toe.

158
Q

Define diaphysis

A

Shaft. makes up bone length. compact bone

159
Q

Define epiphyses

A

At the end of the long bone. Broadest part.

160
Q

Define periosteum

A

Tough fibrous membrane covering a bone. Protective and essential for regeneration.

161
Q

Define articular cartilage

A

Connective tissue secures this to its external surface. Smooth slippery surface that decreases friction at joint.

162
Q

Define endosteum

A

Membrane lining the cavity of long bones

163
Q

Define metaphysis

A

Part between the shaft and end of long bone

164
Q

Define medullary cavity

A

Core of long bone containing the marrow. Sponges bone.

165
Q

Define osteoblasts

A

Build bone. Produce protein matrix. New bone forms.

166
Q

Three common fractures

A

Greenstick, compression and comminuted

167
Q

What happens in the process of the formation of haematoma?

A

Blood vessels are ruptured when the bone breaks. Swelling.

168
Q

What is the process of fibrocartilage/soft callus in repair of bone fracture

A

Growth of new capillaries into clotted blood at the site of damage. Connective tissues form a mass to act as a splint and close the gap

169
Q

What happens when a bony callus is formed in bone fracture?

A

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts migrate to the area and multiply replacing the fibro cartilage callous with a bony callous made of spongy bone

170
Q

Process of bone remodelling:

A

The bony callous is remodelled in response to stresses placed on it. A strong, permanent patch is formed on the fracture site.

171
Q

What are fibrous joints?

A

Bones are united by fibrous tissue. E.g. skull structures. Most are immobile but Some are slightly mobile.

172
Q

What are cartilaginous joints?

A

Slightly movable joints with bone ends connected by fibro cartilage. E.g. joints of spinal column.

173
Q

What are synovial joints?

A

Bone ends are separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid. Freely movable.

174
Q

What is the joint capsule?

A

Surrounds and reinforces the joint. Consists of a fibrous capsule and synovial membrane.

175
Q

What is the ligament in a synovial joint?

A

Fibrous tissue extending from bone to bone at the joint

176
Q

In a synovial joint, what is articular cartilage?

A

Covers the ends of the bones forming the joint

177
Q

In a synovial joint what is joint space?

A

Forms the synovial membrane secretive synovial fluid which lubricates the joint.

178
Q

Synovial joints allow four types of movement, what are they?

A

Rotation, angular, gliding, special movement.

179
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The gap between cells.

180
Q

What is the role of the neurotransmitter in muscular movement?

A

They assist electrical signals across the synapse

181
Q

What happens during action potential?

A

ACH diffuses across the synaptic cleft attaching to receptors in the post synaptic cell

Cell membrane permeability changes and a signal called action potential is generated.

NA+ ions leave the external fluid compartment and the internal fluid compartment. K+ ions leave the ICF and enter the ECF

182
Q

How does calcium influence action potential?

A

Ca+ ions ensure contraction and relaxation of a muscle cell.

183
Q

What returns the muscle cell to its resting state?

A

When ca+ decreases, tripping returns to its normal structure. Tropomyosin blocks the sliding action and movement is stopped - muscle relaxes

184
Q

How do skeletal muscle make movement?

A

Converts energy to a force. Contraction of muscles.

185
Q

How do skeletal muscle maintain posture?

A

Contractions of skeletal muscle maintain posture.

186
Q

How do skeletal muscles stabilise joints?

A

Limits movement in a joint and provide balance to the joint

187
Q

How do skeletal muscle generate heat?

A

Shivering when cold. (Negative feedback)

188
Q

Define excitability, contractility, extensibility.

A

Excitability is the rapid response to stimuli.

Contractility is the shortening in response to suitable stimuli

Extensibility is the capability of being stretched.

189
Q

Where would you find smooth muscle and what does it do?

A

Bladder – holds and releases urine
Blood vessels – pushing blood
Uterus – birth
Gastrointestinal tract – assists in digestion

190
Q

What does NSAID stand for?

A

Non steroidal anti inflammatory propionic acid derivative.

191
Q

What is ibuprofens mode of action?

A

Cyclo oxygenase (cox) inhibitor. Also acts on pain receptors. Prostiglandis.

192
Q

In handling what does STS stand for?

A

Stop, think, stability.

193
Q

what does L I TE stand for?

A

Load, individual, task, environment.

194
Q

What is the maximum Weight limit for men and women?

A

Women – 16.6 KG

Men – 25kg

195
Q

Is calcium homeostasis positive or negative feedback? What hormones are required?

A

Negative. Parathyroid hormone and the active form of vitamin D.

196
Q

Osteocytes

A

Arise from osteoblasts and care for and nourish the bone

197
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Break down bone that is damaged. Release Ca and Ph into blood for recycling

Year One: Semester One (4 decks)

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