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Year One: Semester One > Term 2: Life transitions > Flashcards

Term 2: Life transitions Flashcards

1
Q

What is psychosocial development?

A

Social, emotional and personality changes

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2
Q

What is cognitive development?

A

Increasing ability to know, understand, remember, communicate and problem solve

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3
Q

What is a gene?

A

A unit of inheritance with a set of instructions to guide development and growth. Arranged in sequence on chromosomes and made up of DNA

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4
Q

What are the two types of chromosomes?

A

Autosomal and sex

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5
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do people have?

A

23 pairs

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6
Q

What’s an autosomal dominant inheritance disorder?

A

Is present if the faulty gene is dominant.

50% chance of inheriting the disorder

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7
Q

What is an autosomal recessive inheritance disorder?

A

Disorder is present if person has 2 recessive genes. Person can be a carrier of the disorder but not have the affects.

For 2 carrier parents 25% chance child will be affected

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8
Q

What is an example of an autosomal recessive inheritance disorder?

A

Cystic fibrosis

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9
Q

What is physical development?

A

Growth and increasing capability to perform physical skills

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10
Q

What is the germination period?

A

First two weeks after conception

Zygote > Morula > Blastocyst

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11
Q

What does monozygotic mean?

A

Twins from one egg and one sperm

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12
Q

What does dizygotic mean?

A

Twins from two eggs and two sperms

Fraternal twins

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13
Q

Where does fertilisation occur?

A

Fallopian tubes

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14
Q

There are how many chromosomes in each gamete?

A

23 chromosomes

Not pairs

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15
Q

What is the embryonic period?

A

Lasts from 2-8 weeks after conception.

Embryonic disc transformed into 3 layers

  - Ectoderm
  - Mesoderm
  - Endoderm
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16
Q

What is the function of the placenta?

A
  1. Respiration
  2. Nutrition
  3. Excretion
  4. Hormone production
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17
Q

What are the four placental hormones?

A

Progesterone
Oestrogen
Human chronic gonadatrophin
Human placental lactogen

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18
Q

What are the two membranes in the amniotic sac?

A

Amnion and chorion

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19
Q

What is amniotic fluid for?

A

Temperature control, allows symmetrical growth, allows movement and acts as a cushion

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20
Q

What is the function of the umbilical cord?

A

It is two arteries that carry blood away from the foetus and one vein that returns the blood to the foetus. This exchange takes place in layer of placenta separating foetus and mother.

It is about 55 cm long

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21
Q

What is the foetal period?

A

Lasts from 2 months after conception till birth

22
Q

What is the cephalocaudal pattern?

A

Growth happens from head to toe

e.g. infant use their hands before they can crawl or walk

23
Q

What does development mean?

A

Increase in the function of the body

24
Q

What does maturation mean?

A

The way in which a person grows and develops

25
Q

What does growth mean?

A

Increase in physical size

26
Q

What is the proximodistal pattern?

A

Growth starts at the centre of the body and moves out to the extremities

e.g. an infant moves their whole arm first before they use their fingers for fine motor skills

27
Q

Environmental experiences have what impact on brain development?

A

Environmental experiences guide and shape brain development

28
Q

Connections grow in the brain, when actions or experience is repeated they become strengthened and then permanent. True or False?

A

True

29
Q

Types of experiences have no impact on how the brain develops. True or False?

A

False. Types of experiences do have an impact on how the brain develops.

30
Q

What can damage healthy brain development?

A

Neglect, violence and abuse can damage healthy brain development.

31
Q

Basic experiences of love, security, trust and affirmation have what affect on a child’s brain development?

A

It assists children in becoming competent, intelligent and loving adults.

32
Q

What is separation anxiety?

A

A child crying when caregiver leaves, fear of separation from caregiver

Peaks about 15 months old

33
Q

What is Stranger anxiety?

A

The infant shows fear and wariness of strangers

Develops about 6 months, more intense about 9 months

34
Q

What is secure attachment?

A

Children feel a consistent responsive and supportive relationship with mother (caregiver)

35
Q

What is insecure attachment?

A

Children feel inconsistent, punishing, unresponsive emotions from their mother (caregiver)

36
Q

Moral development in younger children

A

The younger child will strictly interpret and adhere to rules

37
Q

Moral development in middle school age

A

The middle school age child can start to make judgements about the way their behaviour affects others

38
Q

Moral development in older school age

A

The older school age child can view the importance of rules to life and understands why

39
Q

At what age do children base friendships on others’ behaviour?

A

4 to 7 years old

40
Q

At what age do children base friendships on trust?

A

8 to 10 years old

41
Q

At what age do children base friendships on psychological closeness ?

A

11 to 15 years old

42
Q

What Makes A Child Popular?

A

Status- the relative position of a person ascribed by other members of a group
Social competence – the social skills that allow children to understand others’ cues and emotions
Social problem solving – the use of strategies for solving social conflicts that appease everyone in the group

43
Q

Children in middle childhood still rely on parents for unconditional love, security, guidance and nurturing. True or False?

A

True

44
Q

Common fears of children in middle childhood

A

Fears often related to dogs, storms, noises
Fear of ridicule from friends, teachers
Rejection, and disapproval

45
Q

Defence mechanisms of children in middle childhood

A

Regression, denial, aggression, suppression

46
Q

What does SUDI stand for?

A

The sudden unexpected death of an infant (also known as cot death)

47
Q

What are some of the risk factors for SUDI?

A
  • Sleep position,
  • Bed sharing,
  • Mattresses, mattress protectors and bumpers,
  • Overheating,
  • Cigarette exposure – antenatal,
  • Breastfeeding – has a protective effect,
  • Immunisation provides a decreased risk,
  • Pacifier use may have a protective mechanism
48
Q

Common communicable diseases in children are?

A

Rheumatic fever
Whooping cough
Pneumonia
Skin infections

49
Q

Common mental health disorders in children?

A 
Anxiety disorders (persistent fears, phobias, panic attacks, post traumatic stress, obsessive compulsive disorder)
Attention deficit disorders (ADHD)
Depression
Conduct disorders (antisocial or aggressive behaviors eg theft, lying, truancy, cruelty to animals, bullying)
50
Q

What are fine motor skills?

A

They are small movements — such as picking up small objects and holding a spoon

51
Q

What are gross motor skills?

A

They are the bigger movements — such as rolling over and sitting — that use the large muscles in the arms, legs, torso, and feet.

Year One: Semester One (4 decks)

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