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Mr Cole Anatomy and Physicology > Term 2 End Of Topic Test > Flashcards

Term 2 End Of Topic Test Flashcards

1
Q

What is adenoising triphosphate?

A

A high energy compound, which is our only immediate available source of energy for muscular contraction.

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2
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A biological catalyst which increases the speed of chemical reactions.

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3
Q

What is atpase?

A

An enzyme which catalyses the breakdown of ATP.

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4
Q

What is an exothermic reaction?

A

A chemical reaction which releases energy.

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5
Q

What is an endothermic reaction?

A

A chemical reaction which absorbs energy.

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6
Q

What is the ATP PC system?

A

An anaerobic method of energy lasting around 10 seconds.

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7
Q

What is the first stage of the APPC system?

A

ATP is broken down by atpase Into ADP plus a phosphate molecule and plus energy reaction is an exothermic reaction.

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8
Q

What is the second stage of the ATPPC system?

A

Phosphocreatine is broken down by creatine kinase into phosphate plus creatine plus energy. This is an exothermic reaction.

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9
Q

What is the final stage of the ATP PC system?

A

ADP, from stage, one phosphate from stage two and energy react to synthesise ATP so that it can be broken down all over again to produce energy. This is an endothermic reaction and it will take about four minutes to synthesise whilst only lasting 10 seconds when being broken down.

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10
Q

What are the five advantages of the ATP PC system?

A
  1. It is quick.
  2. There are no harmful byproducts.
  3. We aren’t waiting for oxygen to circulate the body.
  4. It is used for high power, anaerobic exercise.
  5. Phosphocreatine synthesises quickly so recovery time is small.
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11
Q

What are the five disadvantages of the ATP PC system?

A

1.It runs out quickly.
2. Can only be used for approximately 10 seconds.
3. cannot be used for long-distance/aerobic, exercise, or endurance exercise.
4. PC storage is limited in the muscles so it doesn’t have the large supply of phosphocreatine.
5. Low energy output from input. One model of PC produces one molecule of ATP.

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12
Q

What is the glycolic system?

A

It is the breakdown of glycogen into glucose to make energy.

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13
Q

Where do both the ATP system and the glycolic system happen?

A

In the sarcoplasm of the muscles.

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14
Q

In the glycolytic system, what is glycogen broken down into?

A

Glycogen is broken down into glucose.

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15
Q

In the glycolic system, which enzyme breaks down, glycogen into glucose?

A

GPP.

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16
Q

In the glycolic system, what is glucose broken down into?

A

It is broken down into pyruvic acid. Where 2 ATP is released.

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17
Q

In the glycolytic system, which enzyme breaks down glucose into pyruvic acid?

A

It is broken down by PFK.

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18
Q

In the glycolic system, what is pyruvic acid broken down into and what is it broken down by?

A

It is broken down into lactic acid, and by the enzyme LDH.

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19
Q

Why is lactic acid harmful?

A

Lactic acid changes the pH of the enzymes it denature them, so they can’t work properly. The more we train the higher the lactic acid threshold.

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20
Q

What is the glycolic systems yield?

A

2:1 for everyone molecule of glucose we get 2 ATP.

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21
Q

What are the four advantages of the glycolytic system?

A
  1. Doesn’t need to wait for oxygen.
  2. Can be used for anaerobic exercise/at high intensity.
  3. It resynthesises quick.
  4. More energy made for ATP to be broken down.
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22
Q

What are the disadvantages of the glycolic system?

A
  1. There is a byproduct of lactic acid and it can be harmful to performance level.
  2. The time it can be used for is a limited.
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23
Q

What is the aerobic system?

A

It has three stages, aerobic glycolysis the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain. it is predominantly used in aerobic exercise and can typically forever.

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24
Q

What happens in state one of the aerobic system; aerobic glycolysis?

A

Collection is broken down to glucose by GPP glucose has broken down into pyruvic acid by PFK. Pyruvic acid is then broken down by coenzyme A into acetyl enzyme A.

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25
Q

In the aerobic system stage, one aerobic glycolysis, why doesn’t LDH breakdown, pyruvic acid into lactic acid?

A

This is because there is oxygen present, so instead of pyruvic acid being broken down by LDH, it is broken down by coenzyme A making acetyl coenzyme A.

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26
Q

Where does stage one of the aerobic system? Aerobic glycolysis take place?

A

It takes place in the sarcoplasm of the muscles.

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27
Q

Where does stage two; the Krebs cycle take place?

A

It is in the mitochondria.

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28
Q

What happens during stage two the Krebs cycle in aerobic system?

A

Acetyl coenzyme A Absorbs into the mitochondria, it binds with oxaloacetic acid which is found in the mitochondria to form citric acid.
Citric acid is then broken down (Krebs cycle) into four products.

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29
Q

In the Krebs cycle of the aerobic system, what are the four products citric acid is broken down into?

A

First one is carbon dioxide, it is produced and then removed.
The second one is the production of hydrogen atoms.
The third one is 2 ATP.
And the final one is the regeneration of oxaloacetic acid.

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30
Q

What happens in stage three the electron transport chain of the aerobic system?

A

The hydrogen atoms produced from the citric acid from the previous Krebs cycle are transported by NADS and FADS So now we have NADH and FADH the NADS and the FADS move the hydrogen atoms from the matrix of the mitochondria to the cristae. Hydrogen ions are oxidised and removed as water, leaving hydrogen electrons which release energy to synthesise ATP. They synthesise 34 ATP.

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31
Q

What are the three advantages of the aerobic system?

A
  1. Large fuel stores allow a long duration of energy production.
  2. It has a high ATP yield.
  3. There is no fatiguing by products.
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32
Q

What are the two disadvantages of the aerobic system?

A

1.When is that there is a delay for oxygen delivery and complex series of reactions so cannot provide energy immediately.
2. slow energy production limits activity to sub maximal, intensity/aerobic exercise.

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33
Q

What is EPOC?

A

Excess post exercise, oxygen consumption. The volume of the oxygen consumed above resting levels following/during exercise.

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34
Q

What is oxygen deficit?

A

When insufficient oxygen is available at the start of exercise to provide all the ATP needed aerobically.

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35
Q

What is oxygen consumption?

A

The amount of oxygen in the body.

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36
Q

What is myoglobin?

A

A protein that stores oxygen in the muscles.

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37
Q

What is active recovery?

A

The use of minimal energy to aid recovery.

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38
Q

What alactacid?

A

A fast process that takes 2-3 minutes where oxygen is used for rapid re synthesis of ATP/PC stores and respiration

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39
Q

What is lactacid?

A

A slow process that takes 1-24hours where oxygen is used to remove lactic acid and maintain high heart rate, breathing rate and body temperature.

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40
Q

How do we get rid of EPOC?

A

After strenuous exercise, there are four main tasks that our body needs to happen before the fatigued muscles can operate at optimum efficiency again.

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41
Q

What are the four things? Our body has to do. In order for our muscles to operate at optimum. Efficient again after excess post exercise, oxygen consumption?

A
  1. there are replenishment of oxygen in the myoglobin.
  2. Replacement of glycogen.
  3. Removal of lactic acid.
  4. Return body temperature to normal.
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42
Q

What happens in 2 to 3 minutes after doing exercise?

A

4 L of oxygen can be replenished

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43
Q

What happens in one to 2 minutes after exercise?

A

My globin is reloaded my globin helps transfer oxygen from the bloodstream to the mitochondria.

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44
Q

What are the two main functions of the respiratory system?

A

Pulmonary ventilation inspiration, expiration of air.

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45
Q

What is external respiration?

A

The movement of oxygen into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide into the lungs.

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46
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

Release of oxygen to spy on cells for energy production and collection of waste product

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47
Q

In the mechanics of breathing, what happens to the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles during inspiration?

A

The diaphragm flattens and contract and the external intercostal muscles contract.

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48
Q

Where does the rib cage move to during inspiration?

A

The rib cage moves up and out

49
Q

Does the volume of thoracic cavity increase or decrease during inspiration?

A

It increases during inspiration.

50
Q

What happens to the pressure of air inside the lungs during inspiration?

A

The pressure of inside the lungs decreases.

51
Q

During inspiration, where does the air rush from and to?

A

It goes from inside of the lungs to outside.

52
Q

During expiration, what happens the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles?

A

The diaphragm return suits don’t shape and relaxes, and the external intercostal muscles relax.

53
Q

What happens to the rib cage when expiration is taking place?

A

The rib cage moves down and inwards the opposite of what happens during inspiration.

54
Q

During expiration, what happens to the volume of the thoracic cavity?

A

The volume will decrease

55
Q

What happens to the pressure air inside the lungs during expiration?

A

It will increase

56
Q

In which way, does the air rush during expiration?

A

It rushes outwards from the inside of the lungs.

57
Q

What is breathing frequency?

A

Breathing frequency is the amount of breaths taken per minute.

58
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Title volume is the amount of air inspired/expired breath.

59
Q

What is minute ventilation?

A

Ventilation is the volume of air inspired/expired per minute.

60
Q

What is the relationship between breathing frequency, tidal volume and minute ventilation?

A

It is breathing frequency*tidal volume= minutes ventilation.

61
Q

What is the average value at rest of breathing frequency?

A

We do about 12 breaths per minute.

62
Q

What is the average title volume value at rest?

A

It is around 500 mL or 0.5 L.

63
Q

What is the average value at rest for minute ventilation?

A

It is about 6 L per minute.

64
Q

What is the average value for endurance, breathing frequencies?

A

Is about 10 breaths per minute lower than the average value at rest.

65
Q

What is the average value for an endurance athletes tidal volume?

A

It is about 0.5 L. Their respiratory system, system is more efficient than the average person.

66
Q

What is the value of minute ventilation for an endurance athlete on average?

A

Is about 5 L per minute.

67
Q

Where does external respiration happen?

A

At the alveoli.

68
Q

What is association?

A

When O2 combines with haemoglobin through diffusion at the lungs to give oxyhemoglobin.

69
Q

Saturated?

A

Amount of oxygen combined with haemoglobin usually expressed as a percentage and depends on pp02, haemoglobin is 100% saturated at the lungs.

70
Q

What is gaseous exchange?

A

The movement of O2 and CO2 at the lungs, and at the muscles by the process of diffusion.

71
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of a gas down at diffusion gradient from an area of high partial pressure to an area of low partial pressure.

72
Q

What is the diffusion gradient?

A

The difference between the areas of high partial pressure. The diffusion gradient is like a slide and the gases travel from the top of the slide to the bottom of the slide.

73
Q

What is partial pressure?

A

The pressure of gas exerts within a mixture of gases. It can be written PPO2 or PPCO2

74
Q

Describe the effect of exercise on gas exchange at the Alviola?

A

When a person exercise they’re breathing rate increases and deepens to allow oxygen to the working muscles. The muscles of working more so more. CO2 is being produced so the gassiest exchange rate is quicker because there is a steep concentration gradient so faster rate of diffusion. However the oxygen is being used more quickly.

75
Q

What is disassociation?

A

This is when oxygen releases from Hebog globin through diffusion at the muscle.

76
Q

What is the Oxy haemoglobin disassociation curve?

A

It shows us the relationship between partial pressure of oxygen and percent of saturation of haemoglobin for example, how many out of four molecules were there be oxygen in the haemoglobin.

77
Q

What is affinity?

A

Shows how much the oxygen wants to associate. Oxygen will associate slowly start with, and then it will increase in speed.

78
Q

What happens in the Oxy globin disassociation curve?

A

One oxygen means more of a partial pressure of oxygen in the muscles and steeper diffusion gradient to CO2 is more in the muscles. So more CO2 means less O2 three acidity lactic acid and carbonic acid increase acidity, making carbon dioxide more likely to disassociate with the haemoglobin for temperature, the bodies temperature increases oxygen, and so is more likely to disassociate from the haemoglobin.

79
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A

The right atrium, the left atrium, the right ventricle and the left ventricle.

80
Q

Which valve passes the blood from the right atrium to the right ventricle?

A

It is the tricuspid valve because it has and ( R ) in it.

81
Q

Which valve allows blood to go from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery to carry oxygenated blood to the lungs to get it oxygenated?

A

The pulmonary semi-lunar valve.

82
Q

Which vein brings blood back from the rest of the body into the right atrium?

A

The vena cava.

83
Q

What is thick strip of muscle dividing the two sides of the heart called?

A

The septum.

84
Q

What valve allows blood to go from the left atrium to the left ventricle?

A

It is the bicuspid valve.

85
Q

Which valve allows oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to go into the aorta to pump blood to the rest of the body?

A

It is the aortic semi-lunar valve.

86
Q

Which vein brings back blood from the lungs to the left atrium?

A

It is the pulmonary vein, as it is carrying oxygenated blood that’s just come from the lungs ready to deliver it to the aorta to pump it to the rest of the body.

87
Q

Which vein is blood from the left ventricle pumped into to allow the blood to be pumped around the rest of the body?

A

Aorta.

88
Q

What is the relationship between heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output?

A

Heart rate*stroke volume= cardiac output

89
Q

What is the average value at rest and the value for an endurance athlete for heart rate?

A

An average value at rest for heart rate is about 70 bpm and an average value for endurance athlete is about 50 bpm so it is considerably less.

90
Q

What is the average value of rest and average value for endurance athlete of stroke volume?

A

It is 70 mL for average at rest, and it is 100 mL for an endurance athlete on average.lol

91
Q

What is the average value and the value for an endurance athlete for cardiac output?

A

It is 5 L for both.

92
Q

What is atrial diastole?

A

Atrial diastole is when the atrium of the heart, relax.

93
Q

What is atrial systole?

A

This is when the atrium contract, this allows a bit of time for the atrium to fill up with blood before giving it to the ventricles.

94
Q

What is ventricular diastole?

A

This is when the ventricles relax.

95
Q

What is ventricular systole?

A

This is when the ventricles contract by relaxing they allow time to fill up with blood from the atrium otherwise they would not have enough blood to pump out of them.

96
Q

In the conduction system, the first component is the SA node, where is it found?

A

It is found in the wall of the right atrium.

97
Q

What is the job of the SA node?

A

It starts the impulse and send across to both of the atriums.

98
Q

In the conduction system, the AV node is the second stage where is it found?

A

It is found in the middle of the wall of the heart between the atria and ventriculum.

99
Q

What does the AV node do?

A

It receives impulse from the SA node and causes a delay to allow atrial systole to finish.

100
Q

Where is the bundle of Hiss in the conduction system found?

A

It is found in the middle wall of the heart/the septum.

101
Q

What does the bundle of his do?

A

It transmits the impulse to the bottom of the heart via bundle branches.

102
Q

Where are the purkinje fibres?

A

In the wall of the ventricles.

103
Q

What do the purkinje fibres do?

A

They cause impulse to penetrate into ventricular walls, causing ventricular systole, the most powerful contraction.

104
Q

What do chemo receptors do?

A

They measure levels of O2 and CO2 and they are found in the blood.

105
Q

What do barrow receptors do?

A

They measure the pressure in arteries.

106
Q

What do Proprio receptors do?

A

They measure muscle contraction near situated in the muscles.

107
Q

What do Thermo receptors do?

A

They measure temperature and they are everywhere.

108
Q

The receptors notice all these things what does this do for the body?

A

It means the brain can signal to either get more oxygen or vice versa as the body knows when it’s doing exercise and when it’s not.

109
Q

What is the adrenaline factor of exercise?

A

Adrenaline is released card exercise, which stimulates the sympathetic nervous system which increases stimulation of essay node which term increases heart rate.

110
Q

What is the vascular shunt mechanism?

A

This means that when at rest valves that are the opening to capillaries netted over arteries in the muscles will close, allowing blood flow, but not a lot of blood flow The blood vessels were also constrict. However, at the organs the valves from the arteries to the capillary net will be open and the vessels will dilate to allow maximum blood flow to the organs. during exercise, the valves from the arteries to the pill at the muscles were open and the blood vessels were dilate, and at the organs the valves from the arteries to the capillaries close, and the blood vessels were constrict to allow minimal blood flow to the organs, but maximum blood flow to the muscles.

111
Q

What is Venous return?

A

Venus return is the return of blood to the heart during the cardiac cycle.

112
Q

What are the two problems that might delay or slow down Venous return?

A

One is that the blood pressure in the veins is very low, so it’s going to travel slowly back to the heart. The other reason is most of the blood has been distributed lower than the heart and therefore gravity affects this.

113
Q

What are the five solutions in enabling a quick venous return?

A
  1. Veins have pocket valves to stop backflow.
  2. Skeletal muscle pumps – when muscles in the lower leg contract, they squeeze the surrounding veins and force the blood back to the heart.
  3. Smooth muscle – veins are aligned with muscle so can venoconstrict and force the blood back towards the heart.
  4. The respiratory pump – as the diaphragm flattened and we inhale, the pressure of the thoracic cavity is increased and forces blood back to the heart almost act as a vacuum.
  5. Gravity – blood from above the heart returns via gravity.
114
Q

Outline how oxygen is transported into the blood?

A

Oxygen is diffused into the bloodstream and carried by haemoglobin situated in the red blood cells. It’s in the plasma.

115
Q

Define stroke volume and given an estimated value at rest?

A

Straight volume is the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per heartbeat. An average person would eject 70 mL at rest.

116
Q

Explain how the functions of the skeleton work with the muscular system to create movement?

A

The skeleton has tendons which attach muscles to bone, so that when muscles contract, they pull on the tendons, and the tendons put on the bones creating movement. muscles help to fix bones in some movement to allow the agonist muscle to contract effectively muscles contract concentrically and shortened to pull on the bone creating movement.

117
Q

What is the correct term for blood shunting?

A

The vascular shunt mechanism.

118
Q

Not the hip, what is the agonist and the antagonist for flexion?

A

The agonist is the iliopsoas, and the antagonist is the gluteus maximus.

119
Q

What is the agonist and the antagonist at the hip for extension?

A

It is the gluteus maximus is the agonist, and the antagonist is iliopsoas

Mr Cole Anatomy and Physicology (5 decks)

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