Cardio System

Question 1

What are the Blood vessels and valves in the head

Answer 1

Vena cava
Pulmonary artery
Aorta
Pulmonary vein
Aortic semi lunar valve.
Pulmonary aortic semi lunar valve.
Tricuspid valve.
Bicuspid.

Question 2

What are the four components of the conduction system?

Answer 2

SA node
AV node
Bundle of his
Purkinje fibres

Question 3

What are the four chambers of the heart?

Answer 3

Right atrium Left atrium
Right ventricle Left ventricle

Question 4

What are the four components of the blood?

Answer 4

Platelets
White blood cells
Plasma
Red blood cells

Question 5

What is Venous return?

Answer 5

Venous return is the return of blood to the heart during the cardiac cycle.

Question 6

What is starlings law?

Answer 6

There are two problems that might delay or slow down venous return.
One is the blood pressure in the veins is very low. Most of t the blood has been distributed lower than a heart, and therefore has a fight against the gravity to make its way back to the heart.

Question 7

What are the solutions for starlings law?

Answer 7

Solution one is veins, have pocket valve to prevent backflow of blood.
Solution to his skeletal muscle pumps – when muscles in the lower leg contract, they squeeze the surrounding veins and forth of blood back to the heart .
Solution three is smooth, muscle veins aligned with muscles, so can vino constrict and force the blood back towards the heart.
Solution for is a respiratory pump – as the diaphragm flattens, and we inhale depression of the thoracic cavity is increased and forces blood back to the heart. This happens more the higher are breathing rate is.
Solution five is gravity blood from above the heart returns, via gravity.

Question 8

How do we regulate heart rate during exercise?

Answer 8

We use neural and hormonal and intrinsic.

Question 9

What are the neural factors?

Answer 9

Chemoreceptors, barrow, receptors, proprioreceptors and thermoreceptors.

Question 10

Where are chemoreceptors and what do they do?

Answer 10

They are in the blood, and they measure O2 and CO2 levels.

Question 11

Where are baroreceptors and what do they do?

Answer 11

These are in the arteries, and they measure blood pressure.

Question 12

Where are proprioreceptors and what do they do?

Answer 12

They measure muscle contraction, they send information to the VCC, and this increases stimulation of the SA node via the sympathetic nervous system, which intern increases heart rate.

Question 13

What do Thermo receptors do and whereabouts are they in the body?

Answer 13

They’re everywhere and they measure temperature.

Question 14

What are the hormonal factors?

Answer 14

Adrenaline is released prior to exercise.

Question 15

What does the adrenaline being released prior to exercise do for the body?

Answer 15

It stimulates the sympathetic nervous system, which increases stimulation of SA node, which in turn increases heart rate. Adrenaline also increases forces of cardiac contractions, increasing stroke, volume and cardiac output (Q).

Question 16

What are the intrinsic factors (inside the heart)?

Answer 16

Increase temperature increased venous return.

Question 17

What does an increase in temperature do?

Answer 17

This causes increased speed of nerve transmission, which intern increases stimulation of the SA node which intern increases heart rate.

Question 18

What does an increase in VR do?

Answer 18

An increase in the volume of blood, returning to the heart, stretches the walls of the heart, which increases stimulation of the SA node, which in turn increases HR.

Question 19

Hence what will a decrease in temperature cause?

Answer 19

A decrease in temperature will decrease the speed of no transmission and so the VR slows down and intern the heart rate slows down as well.

Question 20

What happens to the neural factors when a person slows down that exercise?

Answer 20

Receptors detect a change the other way messages sent to the VCC. And use of the parasympathetic nervous system is used to slow down the SA node and so slow down that HR.

Question 21

What is the vascular shunt mechanism?

Answer 21

This is a vasodilation and vasoconstriction, and this happens when exercise occurs.

Question 22

What happens at rest?

Answer 22

The abundant capillaries on organs will be full of blood as the valves connecting to the main artery will be open to allow maximum blood flow to the organs.

However, for the muscles, the valves will be closed so the abundant capillaries on muscles at rest won’t have much blood at all in them and the blood will just go through the main pre-capillary.

Question 23

What happens during exercise in the vascular shunt mechanism? Lol

Answer 23

For the organs the capillaries will vasoconstrict, the valves from the pre-capillary will close, and the abundance of capillaries covering the organs will not have much blood flow, and it will only be going through that one capillary. However, for the muscles the capillaries will vasodilate to allow more blood through and the valves will open and the abundant capillaries will fill with blood to allow more oxygen to go to the working muscles. This is known as blood shunting.

Question 24

What is the cardiac cycle?

Answer 24

This is the sequence in which blood is pumped in.

Question 25

What is the diastolic phase?

Answer 25

This is when the heart relaxes and fills with blood.

Question 26

What is the systolic phase?

Answer 26

This is when the heart contracts and empties the blood from the heart.

Question 27

What is atrial systole?

Answer 27

This is when the atrium’s contract, this is the first bit of a heartbeat.

Question 28

What is ventricular systole?

Answer 28

This is when the ventricles contract, this is the second part of a heartbeat.

Question 29

What is atrial and ventricular diastole?

Answer 29

This is when the atrium and ventricle is relax.

Question 30

What is the conduction system?

Answer 30

This is how the electrical pulse moves throughout the body.

Question 31

What is the first phase of the conduction system and where is it located and what does it do?

Answer 31

It is the SA node it is located in the right atrium it begins the impulse and send across to both atria.

Question 32

What is the second phase of the impulse and where is it located and what does it do?

Answer 32

It is the AV node it is located in the middle wall of the heart between atrium and the ventricular. This receive the impose from SA node and causes a delay to allow the atrial systole phase to finish.

Question 33

What is the third phase of the conduction system, and where is it located and what does it do?

Answer 33

This is called the bundle of his. It is in the middle wall of the heart. It transmits the impulse to the bottom of the heart via bundle branches.

Question 34

What is the final phase of the conduction system and what does it do and where is it located?

Answer 34

It is the purkinje fibres. These are located in the wall of the ventricles. This causes the impulse to penetrate into the ventricle wall is causing ventricular systole the most powerful contraction.

Question 35

Information about what is the heart rate?

Answer 35

The amount of times the heartbeats per minute, the average value is 70 bpm. The average value for an endurance athlete is 50 bpm.

Question 36

What is stroke volume?

Answer 36

Amount of blood objected from the left ventricle per beat. The average value at rest is 70 mL in the average value for an endurance athlete is 100 mL.

Question 37

Information about what is cardiac output?

Answer 37

The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute. The average value at rest is 5 L and the average value Ferne endurance athlete is also 5 L