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Intro to Sociology > Term 2 > Flashcards

Term 2 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Homogeneity

A

the quality or state of being all the same or all of the same kind

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2
Q

Educational attainment

A

The number of years of schooling successfully completed or, for higher learning, the degrees or certificates earned

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3
Q

Assertive mating

A

Occurs when marriage partners are selected so that spouses are similar on various criteria of social rank

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4
Q

Meritocracy

A

Social hierarchy in which rank corresponds to individual capacities fairly tested against a common standard

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5
Q

Social exclusion

A

Achieve by creating barriers so that certain social opportunities and positions are not open to all

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6
Q

Subjugated knowledge

A

Includes descriptions and explanations of events that dominant groups selectively devalue or ignore

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7
Q

Credential inflation

A

Occurs when overtime qualifying for specific jobs requires ever more certificates or degrees

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8
Q

Professionalization

A

Occurs to the degree that certain levels and types of schooling are established as criteria for gaining access to an opportunity

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9
Q

Pedagogic violence

A

Bourdieu’s term for teachers’ application of punishments intended to discourage deviation from the dominant culture

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10
Q

The reproduction of the existent stratification system

A

Refers to social processes that ensure that offspring enter a rank or class similar or identical to that of their parents

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11
Q

Hidden curriculum

A

Teaches obedience to authority and conformity to cultural norms

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12
Q

Concerted cultivation

A

The middle class parenting style that systematically organizes and direct children’s time to activities that prepare them for success in school

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13
Q

Natural growth

A

The parenting style of working/
lower class families that leaves children largely to their own devices, except when parents demand obedience to authority

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14
Q

High culture

A

Enjoyed mainly by upper classes

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15
Q

Popular culture

A

Is enjoyed by all classes

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16
Q

Dominant culture

A

Helps rich and powerful categories of people exercise control over others

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17
Q

Subordinate culture

A

contests dominant culture to varying degrees

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18
Q

Culture

A

Consists of the shared symbols and their definitions of people create to solve real-life problems

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19
Q

Symbols

A

Concrete objects or abstract terms that represent something else

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20
Q

Abstraction

A

The ability to create general concepts that meaningfully organize sensory experience

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21
Q

Beliefs

A

Cultural statements that define what community members consider real

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22
Q

Cooperation

A

The capacity to create a complex social life by establishing generally accepted ways of doing things and ideas about what is right and wrong

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23
Q

Norms

A

Generally accepted ways of doing things

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24
Q

Values

A

Ideas about what is right and wrong, good and bad, desirable and undesirable, beautiful and ugly…etc

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25
Q

Production

A

The human capacity to make and use the tools and technology that improve our ability to take what we want from nature

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26
Q

Material culture

A

Comprises the tools and techniques that enable people to accomplish tasks

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27
Q

Non-material culture

A

composed of symbols, norms, and other intangible elements

28
Q

Social organization

A

The orderly arrangement of social interaction

29
Q

Folkways

A

Norms that specify social preferences.

Because they are the least important norms, violating them evokes the least severe punishment.

30
Q

Mores

A

Core norms that most people believe are essential for the survival of the group or their society

31
Q

Taboos

A

The strongest norms.
When someone violates a taboo, it causes revolvetion in the community and punishment is severe.

32
Q

Laws

A

Norms that are coified and enforced by the state

33
Q

Sapir-Whorf thesis

A

 Describes that when we experience certain things in our environment and form concepts about those things. We then develop language to express our concepts.
Language itself influences how we see the world.

34
Q

Rape culture

A

A culture in which sexual harassment, slut shaming, but trivialization of rape, victim blaming, and sexual assault or widespread and, for large sections of the population, these actions seem normal.

35
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

The tendency for people to judge other cultures exclusively by the standards of their own culture

36
Q

Caste

A

A hereditary class authorized by religion

37
Q

Multiculturalism

A

A federal government policy that promotes in funds the maintenance of culturally diverse communities the strengthening the trend towards cultural diversification

38
Q

Cultural relativism

A

The belief that all cultures have equal value

39
Q

The rights revolution

A

The process by which socially excluded groups struggled to win equal rights under the law and in practice beginning in the second half of the 20th century

40
Q

Rites of passage

A

Cultural ceremonies that mark the transition from one stage of life to another

41
Q

Postmodernism

A

Characterized by an eclectic mix of cultural elements, the erosion of authority, and the decline of consensus around core values

42
Q

Rationalization

A

The application of the most efficient means to achieve given goals and the unintended, negative consequences of doing so

43
Q

Consumerism

A

The tendency to define ourselves in terms of the goods we purchase

44
Q

Countercultures

A

Subversive subcultures that opposed dominant values and seek to replace them

45
Q

Subculture

A

A set of distinctive values, norms, and practises within a larger culture

46
Q

Cultural capital

A

Refers to the beliefs, taste, norms, and values that people draw on in their every day life

47
Q

Cultural jamming

A

Refers to the creative methods used by individuals and groups to challenge dominant cultural beliefs, taste, norms, and values

48
Q

Ontology

A

Concerned with the nature of existence (what does or what doesn’t exist)

49
Q

Epistemology

A

Concerns the nature of reliable knowledge; how do we know what we know? What counts as evidence?

50
Q

What is theory? (Joas and Knobl)

A

“At the very basic level, the different theoretical schools and disciplines are at least in agreement that the theories should be understood as generalizations”
(Every generalization is a theory)
Ex) _______ is always late.

51
Q

Karl Marx

A

Studied historical materialism:
Theory of historical change = the 2 elements of the mode of production exist in tension.

52
Q

Mode of production

A

The system by which people collectively produce their means of subsistence.
(Means of production & relations of production)

53
Q

Marxism categories

A

Capitalist mode of production
1. Means of production
2. Relations of production
a) owning class
b) working class

54
Q

Weber + Verstehen sociology

A

Weber: influenced by Marx but thought he didn’t pay enough attention to how material conditions of life were interpreted by members of society, and how it influenced the character of society.

Verstehen sociology: The social world cannot simply be described, it must be interpreted.

55
Q

Class

A

Describes a persons relationship to the economy.

56
Q

Status

A

Describes a persons relationship to the cultural order.

57
Q

Functionalism (durkheim)

A

Social institutions may have features that are not part of their explicit design, that nevertheless serve to keep society together and facilitate its reproduction.

58
Q

Basic concepts described by Bourdieu

A

SOCIAL REPRODUCTION
Habitus
Capital
Field

59
Q

Habitus

A

A persons way of being in the world.
How they present themselves and their subjective experience
Ex) aesthetic tastes, style of speech

60
Q

Field

A

An arena of social activity

Ex) education system, economy

61
Q

Field logic

A

Boirdieu says every field has unspoken logic about what is and isn’t acceptable
(What are the rules?)

62
Q

Capital

A

Marx: describes the value that capitalists invest in ownership of the means of production.

Bourdieu: economic capital is the only form of capital in society that people use to position themselves within various fields.

63
Q

Culture shock

A

Feelings of confusion or anxiety people may experience in a new country

64
Q

Social construction

A

Occurs when shared culture creates a social object towards which people orient as if it were objective.

65
Q

Settled times (Ann swidler)

A

I’m “settled times” culture takes the form of traditions and so called common sense.

66
Q

Unsettled times (Ann swidler)

A

In “unsettled times” culture increasingly takes the form of novel ideology (a new story about the existing structure)
In such times culture creates new strategies that oppose existing habitus and traditions

67
Q

Mass media

A

Media technologies that reach a large audience via some means of mass communication
Ex) radio, newspaper, tv broadcast

Intro to Sociology (3 decks)

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