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Intro to Sociology > Term 1 > Flashcards

Term 1 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Sociology

A

The systematic study of human behaviour in social context

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2
Q

Social solidarity

A

Refers to (1) the degree to which group members shared beliefs and values, and (2) the intensity and frequency of their interaction

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3
Q

Social structures

A

Relatively stable patterns of social relations

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4
Q

Microstructures

A

Patterns of relatively intimate social relations formed during face-to-face interaction.
examples) families, friendships, work associations

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5
Q

Macrostructures

A

Overreaching patterns of social relations that lie outside and above a persons circle of intimates and acquaintances
examples) classes power systems (patriarchy)

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6
Q

Patriarchy

A

The traditional system of economic and political inequality between women and men in most societies

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7
Q

Global structures

A

Patterns of social relations that lie outside and above the national level.
Includes international organizations, patterns of worldwide travel and communication, and economic relations between countries

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8
Q

The sociological imagination

A

The quality of mind that enables a person to see the connection between personal troubles and social structures

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9
Q

Scientific revolution

A

Began in approximately 1550. Encouraged the view that sound conclusions about the workings of society must be based on solid evidence, not only speculation

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10
Q

Democratic revolution

A

Began in approximately 1750. Suggested that people are responsible for organizing society and that human intervention can therefore solve this social problems

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11
Q

Industrial revolution

A

Regarded as the most important event in world history since the development of agriculture in cities, refers to the rapid economic transformation that began in Britain in the 1780s. Involved the large scale application of science and technology to industrial processes, the creation of factories, and the formation of a working class.

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12
Q

Theories

A

Tentative observations of some aspect of social life that state how and why certain facts are related

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13
Q

Research

A

The process of systematically observing reality to assess the validity of a theory

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14
Q

Values

A

Ideas about what is good and bad, right and wrong

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15
Q

Concrete experience

A

Obtained by the five senses

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16
Q

Abstract experience

A

The imaginary world of the mind

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17
Q

Concepts

A

Abstract terms used to organize concrete experience

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18
Q

Propositions

A

Ideas that result from finding the relationship between concepts

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19
Q

Bias

A

The systematic tendency to reach a certain type of conclusion or judgement

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20
Q

 pseudoscience

A

Involves claims and beliefs that sound scientific but do not meet the standards of the scientific method

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21
Q

Objectivity

A

Assessed by the degree of consistency between the observations of independent observers

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22
Q

Positivists

A

Assume that social realities are objective and best studied through quantitive research methods

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23
Q

Interpretivists

A

Assume that social realities are subjectively constructed and our best study through qualitative research methods

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24
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

Begins with general ideas and proceeds to test their validity on specific cases

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25
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

Begins with concrete cases and proceeds to identify general patterns and themes

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26
Q

Informed consent

A

Participants acknowledging that they are aware of the risks of participating in research and are doing it voluntarily

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27
Q

Anonymity

A

Occurs when a researcher cannot identify research subjects based on evidence

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28
Q

Confidentiality

A

Occurs when a researcher can identify research subjects by examining evidence but agrees not to do so

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29
Q

Debriefing

A

Involves interviewing participants after a study to clarify what occurred and deal with any fallout related to deception

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30
Q

Operationalization

A

The process of translating concepts into variables and propositions into hypotheses

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31
Q

Variable

A

A measure of a concept that has more than one value or score

32
Q

Hypothesis

A

The testable form of a proposition

33
Q

Independent variable

A

The presumed “cause” in a cause and affect relationship

34
Q

Dependant variable

A

The presumed “effect” in a cause and effect relationship

35
Q

Experiment

A

A carefully controlled artificial situation that allows researchers to isolate hypothesized causes and measure their effects precisely

36
Q

Randomization

A

Assigns individuals to the experimental or control group by chance processes. Ensures that the two groups are like in all respects

37
Q

Control group

A

The group that is not exposed to the independent variable

38
Q

Experimental group

A

The group exposed to the independent variable

39
Q

Validity

A

The degree to which results reflect reality

40
Q

Reliability

A

The degree to which procedures yield consistent results

41
Q

Survey

A

Sociologist asking respondents questions about their knowledge, attitudes, or behavior. Either in a face-to-face or telephone interview, online, or paper format.

42
Q

Sample

A

The part of the population of research interest that is selected for analysis

43
Q

Population

A

The entire group about which the researcher wants to generalize

44
Q

Probability sample

A

The units have known and non-zero chance of being selected

45
Q

Control variable

A

Identifies the context of the relationship between an independent and dependent variable

46
Q

Spurious

A

When a control variable is associated with change in both the independent and dependent variables

47
Q

Official statistics

A

Includes data that are collected and analyzed by government agencies, such as unemployment records and the census

48
Q

Purposive sampling

A

Involves researchers best judgement to locate members of the population of interest

49
Q

Snowball sampling

A

Relies on existing participants to suggest additional subjects who might be willing to participate

50
Q

Reactivity

A

Occurs when the presence of a researcher causes the observed people to conceal certain things or act differently

51
Q

Key informants

A

Community members who are willing and able to provide credible information about an organizations culture, ideas, activities

52
Q

Structured interviews

A

Follow carefully crafted protocols to acquire the respondents view on predetermined subjects

53
Q

Unstructured or semi-structured interviews

A

Resemble conversations with pre-defined themes and topics, allow respondents to answer questions in their own words

54
Q

Exploratory research

A

Research that seeks to formulate theories about the subject of interest rather than test theories in the rigourous manner of quantitative research

55
Q

Focus group

A

Group interviews in which a small number of individuals discuss a specific issue under the guidance of a moderator

56
Q

Authenticity

A

The extent to which qualitative investigation captures social realities as experienced by insiders

57
Q

Mixed methods

A

Combine quantitative and qualitative methods in a single study

58
Q

Digital sociology

A

Using a digital technology as both a tool and subject of research

59
Q

Nonreactive

A

Methods involving studying social life without affecting the behaviour of the people involved

60
Q

Social desirability bias

A

Error that results from respondents tendencies to answer in ways that will make them look favourable to the researcher

61
Q

Macro analysis

A

Includes: culture, society, public policies

62
Q

Mezzo analysis

A

Includes: schools, community, health agency

63
Q

Micro analysis

A

Includes: family, peers, individuals

64
Q

Nominal/categorical variable

A

Numbers are used to represent different conditions, but the phenomenon is not quantitative
Ex) race, neighbourhood, favourite kardashian

65
Q

Ordinal variable

A

Different values of the variable can be ranked, but there is no way to measure the precise difference between ranked values.
Ex) class, pain, likert scale

66
Q

Interval variable

A

Differences between values are measurable but there is no true zero
Ex) IQ

67
Q

Ratio variable

A

Differences between values are measurable, and there exists a real zero (limit does exist)
Ex) number of siblings, income

68
Q

Likert scale

A

Questionnaires with a ranking system consisting of “strongly disagree - disagree - neutral - agree - strongly agree”

69
Q

Central tendency

A

Summary of the context of one variable.
Measured using: 1) mode, 2) median, 3) mean

70
Q

Mode

A

Variable value that is most common, or has the highest count

71
Q

Median

A

Value separating the sample into two equal halves

72
Q

Mean

A

The average value
Sum of the variable values divided by the number of cases

73
Q

Proportion

A

The percentage of a variable that falls into one particular variable value
Ex) proportion of students who prefer online learning = 0.12 , 12%

74
Q

Range

A

The upper and lower limits of an interval or ratio level variable (the minimum and maximum of actual observed events)

75
Q

Inferential statistics

A

Measure the relationship between two or more variables

76
Q

Saturation

A

Occurs when a researcher determines that further data collection is unlikely to yield new information

77
Q

Ethnography

A

A researcher embedding themselves in the social situation and make observations from within (observing from the perspective of a participant)

Intro to Sociology (3 decks)

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