Term 1 - Restless earth Flashcards

Question

What properties does a shield volcano have?

Answer 1

It is made from basaltic lava and are non explosive. It has runny lave and low viscosity. It is gentle sided and found at constructive plate boundaries.

Answer 2

Volcanic explosivity index. Basaltic eruptions - VEI 0-3 Andesite eruptions - VEI 4-7 Super eruption - VEI 8

Answer 3

A seismograph can detect earthquakes which often cause eruptions. A digital camera can view any change to a volcano through sight. GPS systems use satellites to detect movements as little as 1mm. They also detect temperature change.

Answer 4

A huge volcano in a giant circular valley called a caldera. Beneath there is a giant pool of molten rock called a magma chamber. This is what erupts because its close to the surface it heats up mud and water which is called geotheramal activity. the huge hot magma chamber creates boiling mud, steam vents called fumeroles and hissing springs called geysers.

Answer 5

18th May 1980 at 8.32. The earthquake measuring 5.1 on Richter Scale caused a landslide on the north east side of the mountain. The eruption is measured at VEI (volcanic explosivity index) of 5.

Answer 6

- the lateral blast creates a 27km wipe out zone. Whole forests are uprooted by the blast. Some of the cedar forests were over 500 years old. - the army is called in to search for survivors. Helicopters rescue many people.

Answer 7

- trees are blown over by the blast. - 57 people were killed. - the ash clogged air conditioning systems and blocked roads with drifts a metre deep in places. - 250 homes, 47 bridges, 15 miles of railway and 185 miles of highway were destroyed.

Answer 8

- America declares state of emergency. - a 8km exclusion zone is set up to stop people getting too close to the volcano. Yet this was ignored by local residents and press. - 2 million gas masks were given out to residents across the Washington State. - all planes flying across North America are grounded.

Answer 9

- high tech equipment used by volcanologist such as COSPEC (Correlation Spectrometer) was used to measure sulphur dioxide. Fumaroles release sulphur dioxide (which turns the surrounding ground yellow). Before eruptions the levels of sulphur dioxide increases dramatically. - seismographs were used to detect the tremors and earthquakes in the ground. Patterns can be identified in seismographs to help predict future volcanic events. - boreholes measure water temperature as magma heats it up. The hotter the magma the more likely an eruption. - USA Geological Survey now closely monitors the volcano.

Answer 10

Yellowstone which erupted 640,000 years ago. If it were to erupt again the eruption would 10 times bigger Mount Saint Helen's. Also the temperatures around the world would decrease and it would affect everyone on the world for years.

Answer 11

Earthquakes occur on the west coast of North America on the North American plate. On the west side of South America there are huge clusters of earthquakes. There are clusters all around Australia but more on the east and north sides.

Answer 12

It is where the pressure is released.

Answer 13

It has the highest amount of energy and is always above the focus.

Answer 14

The more intense the earthquake, the higher the number. The scale goes from 1-10 and when it goes up one number it means the earthquake is 10 times more destructive.

Answer 15

17 January 1995 7.2 magnitude Phillippine subducting under Eurasion plate reactivated out fault Nojima fault line running through Kobe CBD 22 seconds where there was solid rock but over 2 min on less solid land

Answer 16

Over 6,000 died, many more injured Infrastructure destroyed (buildings, offices, factories, houses, and port facilities) Hanshin Expressway collapsed. Older suburbs suffered extensive pancaking due to heavy typhoon proof roofs Liquefaction in Osaka Bay

Answer 17

Gas mains broke, so fires broke out Many survivors in temporary accommodation suffered hypothermia as it was the middle of winter Over 700 aftershocks in the days following. Some companies were forced to close e.g. Mitsubishi. The port was put out of action for 3 months - reducing the imports and exports trade for the area.

Answer 18

Thermal image equipment, listening equipment and sniffer dogs used to locate trapped bodies. Powerful equipment (jaws of life) lifts debris off survivors. Effective medical services treat the injured rapidly. 3,000 army troops sent to the areas of Hanshin and the older suburbs.

Answer 19

Retro-engineering (on Osaka Bay tower) building spacing, rubber shock observers and reinforced steel rods added to Hanshin government emergency funds help rebuild roads, power supplies and buildings. Home insurance means people can pay to rebuild their homes.

Answer 20

13 January 2010 Port au Prince, Haiti, Caribbean 7.0 magnitude Conservative boundary - Caribbean plate sliding past North American plate. Reactivated a fault line running almost directly under the capital Port au Prince so the epicentre was focussed on the most densely populated parts of the country.

Answer 21

1 in 3 buildings collapse | Prisons broke open, upto 4,000 criminals escaped

Answer 22

Nearly 250,000 died. Many more injured. Violence followed as the society in Haiti descended into chaos. Social unrest, looting and rape were all reported. 1 million living in camps in January faced hypothermia. Infrastructure destroyed. Cholera killed many.

Answer 23

Aid was slow to arrive - the port was inaccessible for 5 days and the airport for 2 days. Responses from the UN and NGOs was slowed and hampered by social unrest, violence and fear. The UN and NGOs were afraid of entering the city. Haitians argued the UN was more concerned with arming and protecting its soldiers. Only 1 ambulance for the entire city. Emergency services not mobilised. Only 130 people pulled from the rubble alive and survivors left to search for loved ones themselves. Many dead laid unburied, decomposing on the streets.

Answer 24

Haiti one of the poorest countries in the world. Government has very little funds. City not rebuilt up to 2 years later. Many of the millions given to NGOs (like Red Cross) as aid did not end up helping survivors. Up to 1 million people still having to live in tents in refugee camps a year after earthquake. Many die from cholera in the hurricane season 10 months.

Answer 25

``` 11 March 2011 at 5.46 GMT 9.0 magnitude Epicentre: Sendai, Japan 10m high tsunami wave generated 5th largest earthquake ever ```

Answer 26

Japan is located on destructive margin The plates stick, tension builds up. When this pressure builds up and is released, it causes a rapid shift in the plates and the sea floor thrusts up. The earthquake was 9.0 on the Richter Scale, it was a mega thrust earthquake.

Answer 27

The currency - the Yen - fell sharply. Tokyo stocks fell. The 10m high tsunami hit at various places along the coast, destroying ports and coastal industries. Fukushima nuclear power plant automatically shut down. Bridges collapsed and a building was washed away, with boats and cars swirling around. 15,000 people confirmed dead, 530,000 people displaced, 4,700 destroyed houses, 50,000 damaged houses. Coastal areas flooded and power outages to 4 million houses.

Answer 28

50 workers asked to stay to prevent radiation leakage. Tsunami warning issued 3 mins after earthquake. Metereological Agency official appeared on TV urging those affected by the quake not to return home. Japanese military forces sent into help.