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Georgraphy > Glossary for Population Change > Flashcards

Glossary for Population Change Flashcards

1
Q

Exponential growth

A

Rapid, year on year population growth

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2
Q

Crude birth rate

A

The number of live births per 1,000 of the population per year

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3
Q

Crude death rate

A

The number of deaths per 1,000 of the population per year

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4
Q

Natural increase

A

Occurs when birth rate is higher than the death rate

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5
Q

Natural decrease

A

Occurs when birth rate is lower than the death rate

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6
Q

Annual population change

A

The birth rate minus the death rate plus or minus migration

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7
Q

J shape graph

A

The name given to a graph that shows an exponential rise

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8
Q

S shape graph

A

The name given to a graph that shows exponential growth slowing and levelling off

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9
Q

Migration

A

The movement of people either into or out of an area

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10
Q

Emigration

A

The movement of people out of an area

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11
Q

Immigration

A

The movement of people into an area

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12
Q

Demographic transition model

A

A graph that shows how countries pass through different stages of population growth over time. The DTM shows changes in birth rate, death rate and natural population. There are 5 stages. Progression through each stage is associated with economic development (i.e. Afghanistan in stage 2 is at a lesser stage of development than France in stage 5).

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13
Q

Population structure

A

The composition of a country’s population by age and sex

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14
Q

Census

A

Population data including age, sex and occupation

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15
Q

Population pyramid

A

A graph that shows the population structure of a country. Horizontal bars are used to show actual numbers of males and females in each five year age group (0-4, 5-9 etc). They give a good visual impression of a country’s population structure as it progresses through the DTM.

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16
Q

Apex

A

The tip of a population pyramid. A high apex shows long life expectancy.

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17
Q

Base

A

The bottom of the population pyramid. A wide base shows high birth rate.

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18
Q

Funnel shape

A

The name given to the population structure of a country in stage 1 or 2.

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19
Q

Rectangular shape

A

The name given to the population structure of a country in stage 3 or 4.

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20
Q

Oval shape

A

The name given to the population structure of a country in stage 5

21
Q

Dependents

A

Those in the population either retired or below the working age. Elderly or young dependents pay no tax and are dependent on the economically active.

22
Q

Economically active

A

Those in the population who work and pay tax.

23
Q

Dependency ratio

A

The ratio between the dependents and the economically active.

24
Q

Gender skew

A

A skew in the population structure towards either males or females (eg Calcutta, India has a male gender skew as many young men move to the city to find work).

25
Q

Urbanisation

A

Growth in the proportion of a population living in urban areas.

26
Q

Agricultural change

A

Increased mechanisation of agriculture reduces the need for families to have large numbers of children.

27
Q

Education

A

Education lowers population growth. With education comes more opportunities and mobility.

28
Q

Emancipation of women

A

The freedom of women to have a career and make their own life choices.

29
Q

Implications of rapid population growth

A

Implications are social (resource shortages, rising crime, poor living standards, lack of services, overcrowding); economic (unemployment, burdened economy, large number of dependents); environmental (overgrazing, shortages of clean water, deforestation, soil erosion, land shortages, traffic congestion, pollution); political (wars, tensions, unstable governments).

30
Q

Sustainable population change

A

When population growth is at or very close to replacement level.

31
Q

Replacement level

A

When birth rate is at a level that replaces the current population, leading to no real increase or decrease. This is about 2.1 babies per woman.

32
Q

Population policy/anti-natal policy

A

A strategy used by a government to reduce rapid population growth (One Child Policy in China, or Kerala’s alternative population policy in India).

33
Q

Ageing dependent population

A

A country with a high dependency ratio (eg France) which has a high number of elderly dependents and declining birth rate. This is stage 5 of the demographic transition model and an oval shaped pyramid. Large pressures are placed on the economically active to provide for the rest of the population.

34
Q

Pro-natal policy

A

A pro-birth policy adopted by a country in stage 5 of demographic transition model (eg France) in order to increase a declining birth rate. Incentives are offered to young couples (like 3 years maternity leave) to encourage them to have more children.

35
Q

Incentive

A

A benefit offered to people in order to persuade them to do something.

36
Q

EU

A

European Union

37
Q

Internal migration

A

Migration within a country (eg within the UK).

38
Q

International migration

A

Migration between countries and across borders.

39
Q

Push factor

A

The factors people dislike about being where they live (eg poverty, land shortages, poor services, remoteness).

40
Q

Pull factor

A

The factors that attract people to move (eg better paid jobs, reliable services, schools, hospitals, infrastructure, bright light syndrome).

41
Q

Brain drain

A

When young, educated people emigrate out of an area.

42
Q

Bright light syndrome

A

The unreal expectations some migrants place on urban living - they expect glitz and glamour - when in reality what they find is often very different.

43
Q

Voluntary migration

A

When someone makes the decision to move.

44
Q

Forced migration

A

When people have no other choice but to migrate (becoming refugees).

45
Q

Economic migration

A

Migrants seeking a better standard of living and the hope of a higher income.

46
Q

Refugee

A

A forced migrant who is displaced, often by war, famine or drought.

47
Q

Asylum seekers

A

Refugees who lodge a claim with another country’s government in order to find safety within its borders.

48
Q

Country of origin

A

The country which migrants have left.

49
Q

Destination (host) country

A

The country that migrants move to and decide to live in.

Georgraphy (8 decks)

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