Term 1 Final Exam Study Guide Flashcards
What type of Philosopher was the man who refined steam distillation?
A Persian physician and alchemist named Avicenna.
The Renaissance transition
The period of history during which Western Civilization made the transition from medieval to modern history.
Why did women in the Victorian age bite their lips and pinch their cheeks?
To induce natural color, rather than using cosmetics, such as rouge or lip color.
Distributor sales consultant
The salon industry depends heavily on its relationship with product distributors in order to stay abreast of what is occurring in the marketplace.
2012 OSHA Agreement
In 2012, along with representatives from most nations who participate in the US. OSHA agreed to comply with GHS (globally harmonized system)
Disinfectants
Disinfectant: a chemical process that uses specific products to destroy harmful organisms. Registered by the EPA
Infection
The invasion of body tissues by disease causing pathogens.
Definition of cleaning
A mechanical process (scrubbing) using soap and water to remove all dirt and debris.
Protoplasm
Consist of an outer cell wall that contains liquid.
Communicable
A disease that spreads from one person to another.
Virus
A submicroscope particle that infects and resides in the cells of a biological organism.
Mildew
A fungus that affects plants or grows on inanimate objects but does not cause human infections in the salon.
Toxins
Various poisonous substances produced by some microorganisms (bacteria and viruses)
Anatomy
The study of human body structures that can be seen with the naked eye and how the body parts are organized; is it the science of the structure of organisms or of their parts.
Daughter Cells
Two identical cells caused by mitosis
Orbicurlaris oculi
Ring muscle of the eye socket; enables you to close your eyes.
Levator palpebra superioris
Thick muscle that controls the eyelid and can be easily damaged during makeup application.
Neurology
The scientific study of the structure, function, and pathology of the nervous system.
Central nervous system
Consists of the brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves. It controls consciousness and many mental activities, functions of the five senses (sight, sound, taste, touch, and smell.. and voluntary muscle actions, including all body movements and facial expressions.
Reflex
The simplest form of nervous activity that includes a sensory and motor nerve is called a reflex. An automatic reaction to a stimulus that involves the movement of an impulse from a sensory receptor along the spinal cord.
Left Atrium
Takes deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation and waste removal and then returns that blood to the heart (left atrium)
Common carotid arteries
The main arteries that supply blood to the face, head, and neck.
Symptoms of changes in a clients thyroid
A change in the growth rate of hair or nails or quality or texture of hair or nails that changed significantly.
Symptoms of changing or fluctuating hormones.
Acne, loss of scalp hair, facial hair growth and color, and darker skin pigmentations are some of the results of changing or fluctuating hormones.
Dermatology
Medical branch of science that deals with the study of skin and it’s nature, structure, functions, diseases, and treatment.
Stratum Corneum
Also known as horny layer; outer layer of the epidermis
Dermal Papillae
Singular; dermal papilla. Small, cone-shaped elevations at the base of the hair follicles that fit into the hair bulb.
Melanin
Tiny grains of pigment that are produced by melanocytes and deposited into cells in the stratum germinativum layer of the epidermis and in the papillary layers of the dermis there two types of melanin: pheomelanin, which is red to yellow in color, and eumelanin, which is dark brown to black.
Vitamin D
Enables the body to properly absorb and use calcium, the element needed for proper bone development and maintenance. Vitamin D also promotes healing of the skin.
A freckle is an example of?
A lesion
Bulla
Larger blister containing a watery fluid; similar to a vesicle. Requires medical referral.
Sensitization
An allergic reaction created by repeated exposer to a chemical or a substance. Monomer liquids, hair color, and chemical texture solutions are all common causes of allergic reactions.
The natural nail plate is composed of?
Keratin (the fiber shaped protein in skin)
Pregnancy and nail growth
Nail growth rates drastically increase during the last trimester of pregnancy.
Leykonychia
Known as white spots, are whitish discolorations of the nails, usually caused by minor injury to the nail matrix.
Cause of ridges
Uneven growth of nails, usually the result of normal aging.
Dermal papilla
Small, cone-shaped elevation located at the base of the hair follicle that fits into the hair bulb. The “mother” of hair contains the blood and nerve supply that provides the nutrients needed for hair growth.
Arrector Pili
The small, involuntary muscle in the base of the hair follicle.
Amino Acids
Units that are joined together with end-to-end like pop beads, by strong, chemical peptide bonds (end to end bonds) to form the polypeptide chains that comprise proteins.
Disulfide bonds
Strong chemical, side bond that is very different from the physical side bond of a hydrogen bond or a salt bond
Lanthionine Bonds
Hydroxide chemical hair relaxers break disulfide bonds, convert them into lanthionine bonds
Cross section shape of curly hair
Oval to round cross section
Fragilitas crinium
The technical term for brittle hair
Fungus in Malassezia
Naturally occurring fungus that is present on all human skin. But cause the symptoms of dandruff when it grows out of control
Porosity
The ability of the hair to absorb moisture
Inorganic substances
Inorganic substances are not alive. Most don’t burn. EX:metals, minerals, glass, water, air.
Amount of naturally occurring elements
98 occur naturally, the rest are synthetic methods
Atom
The basic unit of matter with a nucleus at the center surrounded by negatively charged electrons
Redox
Oxidation reduction, a chemical reaction in which oxidation and reduction take place at the same time
Miscible
Liquids that are mutually soluble, can mixed together to from clear solutions
Water and alcohol
Examples of miscible liquids such as nail polish remover
When should you recommend a hair or scalp analysis?
If the client has concerns about their scalp, before a scalp treatment
What type of brushes clean and add luster to the hair?
Natural Bristle Brushes
How are ingredients in shampoo listed?
Descending order according to the percentage of ingredients
Keratin Shampoo
A shampoo with keratin protein added protein added is designed to help strengthen hair as it cleanses.
Protein Conditioner
The cortex can be penetrated with this conditioner, reinforces the hair from within
For what reason would you never massage a clients scalp?
If the scalp has abrasions.
Manipulating the scalp during a shampoo
Begin at front hairline and work in back and forth movements until the top of the head is reached.
Widest Part of The Head
Parietal Ridge, starting at the temples and ending at the bottom of the crown.
Crown
The area between the apex and the back of the parietal ridge
Nape
The area at the back part of the neck and consists of the hair below the occipital bone.
3 different types of straight lines
A line: thin continuous mark used as a guide
A Section: The working area that the hair is separated into prior to cutting.
An Angle: Created when the space between two lines or surfaces intersects at a given point.
Parting
The line dividing the hair at the scalp separating one section of hair from another, creating subsections
Stationary Guide
Does not move, all the other sections are combed to the stationary guideline and cut at the same angle and length. Used in blunt cuts, or haircuts that use overdirection to create a length or weight increase
What should you do if you want the hair to be longer toward the front of a layered hair cut?
Overdirect the sections to a stationary guideline at the back of the ear.
Profile
How the clients face looks from the side
Growth Pattern
The direction in which the hair grows from the scalp, also referred to as natural fall or natural falling position
Description of fine, thin hair.
Limp, needs weight.
Barber Comb
Used for close tapers on the nape and sides when using the scissor-over-comb technique.
Rockwell Hardness
The gauge, 56 or 57 is ideal. The metal of the shears.
Best way to maintain a subsection when cutting
Cutting palm to palm
Who’s responsible to educate clients on at home maintenance?
The stylist is responsible for informing the client
Closed center Curls
Produce waves that get smaller towards the ends
Rectangular Base pin curls
Usually recommended at the side front hairline for a smooth, upswept effect.
Most Common Curl base
Arc/C shaped
Carved Curls
Pin curls sliced from a shaping and formed with lifting the hair from the head are.
Vent Brush
This brush has single or double row of widely spaced pins with protective tips to prevent tearing and breaking the hair.
Tail comb
Excellent for design parting, sectioning large segments of hair, and opening and removing braids.
Hackle
A board of fine, upright nails through which human hair extensions are combed
Another name for an invisible braid
French braid, created with an overhand technique
Fishtail Braid
A simple two-strand brain in which hair is picked up from the sides and added to the strands as they are crossed over each other.
Chemical texture service
Hair services that cause a chemical change within the hair’s natural wave and curl pattern. Include permanent waving, relaxing, curl reforming.
Cortex
Middle layer of the hair, located directly beneath the cuticle layer.
Bonds responsible for elasticity and strength of hair?
Side Bonds, polypeptide chains cross-linked by three types of side bonds: disulfide, salt, and hydrogen.
Salt Bonds
Relatively weak physical side bonds that are the result of an attraction between negative and positive electrical charges, easily broken by changes in pH and they reform when the pH returns to normal levels.
Acid-Balanced Waves
Permanent waves that have a 7.0 or neutral pH, do not require heat and process more quickly. Most of the acids waves found in today’s salons have a pH between 7.8 and 8.2
Ammonia Free doesn’t necessarily mean?
Damage free
Low pH Waves
The use of sulfates, sulfites, and bisulfites presents an alternative to ATG known as low-pH. Sulfites work at a low pH. Do not provide a firm curl.
Loop Rods
Also known as a circle rod, is usually about 12 inches long with a uniform diameter along the entire length of the rod.
Double flat wrap
A perm wrap in which one end papers used to control the ends of the hair when wrapping and winding hair on the perm rods.
Bookend Wrap
Uses one end paper folded in half over the hair ends like an envelope.
What should perm wraps begin with?
Do preliminary test curls
Base placement
Refers to the position of the rod in relation to its base section.
Spiral Perm Wrap
The hair is wrapped at an angle other than perpendicular to the length of the rod.
Basic perm wrap
Known as straight set wrap, a wrapping pattern in which all the rods within a panel move in the same direction and are positioned on equal-sized bases.
Insufficiently relaxed hair
If the hair immediately returns to its natural straight, not smooth and straight.
How often do clients get their hair colored?
3- 12 weeks
Level
The unit of measurement used to identify the lightness or darkness of a color.
Valuable tool for identifying Natural hair level
The color wheel
System used for understanding color relationships.
The law of Color
When three primary colors are present, what is the result?
Black or dark muddy grey
What are metallic colors?
Gradual Colors
Standard Volume of Hydrogen Peroxide?
20-Volume
How many stages can natural hair go through when decolorizing?
10 stages
Before performing a color service with aniline derivative product, what must a client have?
A patch test
Facial
A professional skin treatment to improve the condition and appearance of the skin
What should you always do in the presence of clients during a facial?
A skin analysis
Conditions of skin that can’t be permanently changed, are determined by?
A magnifying lamp
Oily skin
Skin that produces too much sebum will have large pores, and the skin may appear shiny or greasy.
Anaerobic
Bacteria that cannot survive in the presence of oxygen.
Rosacea and heat/skin stimulation
Rosacea is considered a medical disorder and should be diagnosed by a dermatologist. You should treat a client with very gentle products, avoiding any treatments that release heat
Toners
Also know as fresheners or astringents, are lotions that help rebalance the pH and remove remnants of cleanser from the skin.
What Machine is recommended to use before a facial extraction?
A facial steamer
When using a brushing machine, what can provide a buffer?
A fairly thick layer of cleanser or moisturizer should be applied to the face before using the brushing machine..
Manicure
A cosmetic treatment of the hands involving cutting, shaping, and often, painting of the nails, removal of the cuticle.
What do clients most enjoy about a manicure?
Relaxing and pampering ( massage )
Paraffin
A petroleum by-product that has excellent sealing properties to hold moisture in the skin, can be added to manicures and pedicures for extra charges.
Microtrauma
Tiny often unseen openings in the skin which can allow microbes to enter the skin, leading to infection.
Another name for gauze squares
Cotton balls
Polish
A generic term describing any type of solvent-based colored film applied to the nail plate for the purpose of adding color or special visual effects.
Top Coat
are applied over colored polish to prevent chipping and to add shine to the finished nail.
Effleurage
A succession of strokes in which hands glide over an area of the body with varying degrees of pressure or contact.
pedicure
A cosmetic service performed on the feet by a licensed cosmetologist or nail technician.
What does osha mandate that nail techs wear during pedicures?
Gloves. vinyl
Nail tips
Plastic pre-molded nails shaped from a tough polymer made from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene that are adheared to the natural nail plate to add length
Smoothing contact areas of nail tips
Blended with an abrasive (180 grit or higher)
Material that fabric wraps are made from?
Silk, Linen, or fiberglass
Wrap resin accelerator
Known as activator, acts as the dryer that speed up the hardening process of the wrap resin or adhesive overlay
Monomer
a single unit called a molecule (mono=1)
Polymer
A substance formed by combining many small molecules into a very long, chain-like structures.
Removes surface moisture
nail dehydrator
Shiner
A buffer that is usually (400/1,000/4,000)
Nail form
Are placed under the free edge of the natural nail and used as a guide to extend the nail enhancements beyond the fingertips for additional length
Overly large nail brushes
(12-16) these can hold excessive amounts of product
masks
do not provide protection from vapors
inlaid designs
Designs in a nail enhancement are created when nail art is sandwiched between two layers of product while the nail enhancement is being formed
Acrylates
Derived from acrylic acid, methacrylates. Examples:Wrap resin adhesives, monomer liquid, monomer and polymer powder.
UV Light
Ultraviolet light, light cured gel resin reacts when exposed to the UV/LED light source that is recommended for that gel. Photoinitiator initiates the polymerization reaction.
Viscosity
The measurement of the thickness or thinness of a liquid and that viscosity affects how the liquid flows
What can be used when a client has broken enhancements?
A gel that uses fiber glass may be the best product for the next service
UV Gel lamp
Also known as UV light bulbs, a special bulb that emits UV radiation to cure UV gel nail enhancements.
Types of watt bulbs for UV lamp
Bulbs: 4-,6-,7-,8-,9-watt bulbs.
What will remove dust and filings?
Clean, dry nylon brush.
Reference Points
On the head mark where the surface of the head changes, such as the ears, jawline, occipital bone, or apex.
Location of four corners
Signals a change in the shape of the head from flat to round and vice versa. Two front corners represent the widest points in the bang area.
Finger Waving Lotion
Also known as liquid gel, a type of hair gel that makes the hair pliable enough to keep it in place during the finger-waving procedure.
Stem
The section of pin curl between the base and first turn of the circle that gives the curl its direction and movement.
Shaping
A section of hair that is molded in a circular movement in preparation for the formation of curls.
What tribes first created highly decorative tribes?
Origin in africa, egyptian women wore braids or plaits decorated with shells , sequins, and glass or gold beads.. Native american tribes followed the same hair styles.
Nail plate vorosity vs Skin porosity?
The keratin plate on nails is harder than the keratin plate in the skin or hair. Water improves the nails flexibility.
