term 1 Flashcards
what is anthropology?
the study of overall humainty, including our similaities diffrences and history.
what are the 5 subdisiplens of anthropology?
boiological, linguistic, cultural, applied and archiology
what catagory of reserch does anthropology typiicly follow?
discriptive- i.e leaving judgment out of the equasion, discribing only what you see
define phycic unity
all humans have shared basic set of emotional and intulectual capasitys
define plasticity
all humans can learn and engage in any culture or language
define holism
humans cannot be defined by looking at a single aspect. we must look at everything as a whole in order to fully understand
define comparism
to compare similarites and diffrences. of anything.
what is and what takes place during fieldwork
feildwork is an immersive resarch techquine, collecting data from diffrent sites and in diffrent ways.
travel, interveiws and excivations
what is a normative discription?
the way things OUGHT to be
what is a discriptive statement?
the way things are, regardless of personal feelings
define ethnocentrasim
the tendancy to veiw ones culture as superior, natural, correct.
define cultural relitavism
to understand ones culture withholding bias or comparison to your own
difine culture
a set of beleifs, practices and symbols
what are some charecteristics of culture?
culture is learned
you can choose wether to participate in it
humaity is most relient on it
it is dynamic (constantly changing)
define enculturation
the prosses in witch we learn culture from active participants.
how does culture differ from insticnt?
it is not somthing your born with. there are multiple cultures and even the one you confrom to is dynamic
define deffusion
the spread of ideas from one culture to another ( through the internet, geography, trade , colonization)
define agency
- humans can chose wether they want to participate in culture or not. somthing with agency may be refferd to as agent
define institution
subduing to social constructs that organize life. (economic, legal and educational) help regulate people
define symbols and why they are important
somthing that stands for somthing else. basis of communication and making sence of things
define biocuktural organisms
humans- human biology and culture are intertwined ( food
define ethnographic resarch/ethnograohy
observation, survays, interveiw. ethnography- discription and interpretation
what is problem oriented resarch
establishing a specific question beforehand, along with the metods and theory
define emic and etic
emic is the insider perspective (the person being learned from)
etic the outsider perspective ( explination of behaviour)
define defarmiliarization
to defarmiliarize yourslef of all conspets basic or not
define qualitative data
non numerical, smaller scale, more personal, testamonis and open ended questions
quantitiative data
larger spectrum, numerical, surveys
what are the 5 main ethical rules followed in anthropological studys
- do no harm
- be open and honest
- obtain informed consent
- protext subjects of study
- make your results accecable
define language
arbitrary system of sounds,gestures and charecters assinged meaning by diffrent comunitys.
what parts of language are universal?
all language is capable of expresing the same things
constantly changing
they all follow basic grammatical catagoriez
they all require order
what are the biological basics that make language possible
vocal tract structure
brain primed for language
critical age range hypothisis
what distincts human language from other primates
ability to express the same thing in diffrent ways
arbitrarrines- no compleate link between sound and meaning (sounds can mean diffrent things dependant on the language)
displacment- the discusion of things past, present , future and non existant
what are the units of language
phonemes and morphemes
difine the units of langueg
phonemes- minimal units of sound
morphemes- minimal units of meaning (ing, anti, pro)
how are culture and language related
language is a big way in witch culture is expressed
enables communication of expected behavious
holds culturally held assumptions
how might language affect the way we think
if we are unable to discribe things in the same way whos to say we are seeing the same thing?
what is speech community
a group of people who interact through speech united by what they deem normalitys
difine standard form of language
codified form of speech, often prestigous and complex
how is language influenced by gender and class
gender; pitch, social norms, adding or subtracting words
class; distinct, more “classy” and highly regarded.
linguistic inequallity and its causes
power diffrences , using diction as intimidation or in derogitory ways towards the speaker themselfs. personal bias my lable some languages as lesser.
how are languages related to eachother
through photo-languages (familys of languages that developed from eachother) they shre some basic structure,vocab and grammer
why do languages change?
liguistic development through borrowing, creating and assigning new meaning to exsiting words
what does two languages comming into contact create ?
pidgen languages/ crole, new vocabulary added to existing ones, exposure develops language
what govens language contact?
the broad use of a specific language, colonization, attempts to communicate
