anthropology term 2 Flashcards
pass midterm
foodways
cultural norms surrounding foods
what do the chaga people, Tanzania - base their diet on?
plantains, and bananas
food taboos
foods that are forbiden to eat deemed by cultural relavance
what animal and why dont the nunak tribe hunt?
tapir- they even avoid the tracks as they are said to be re encarnations from the spirit world
who are the san
nomadic hunter gatherers, in nabia and Botswana they speak in click languags
how do the san divide food tasks
by gender and age
economic anthropology
aspects of how humans meet their wants and needs , broad focus on non-market economies- social and cultural meanings- why people want things
phases of economic activity
production, distribution, consumption
factors of productions (relations and modes)
land, labour, capital relations- relationships formed around production (employee/emploer) modes - combinations of means and relations to for larger systems ( domestic/ capatialist productions)
work amoung the san
modest needs, small surplus avrage of 4/5 hours of work per day- informal- intergrated into other activitys
tributary productions
production still largly domestic, portion of production given to ruler as tribute- less control- pre-industrial society
capitalist production
maodern industrial societys, workers sell their labour- less control over products and other disicions surrounding work
reciprotocity types
generalized; nether time nor value of returne gift specified
balanced; return gost oof equal valuse
negative; parties try to get the better out of the echange
san exchange
immediate return, maintain social relationships, minimize risks, staggerd exchange so noone is even/square
market exchange
institution for regulating exchange money; multipourpouse medium of exchnage
informal economies
economic activity unregulated and untaxed
operations according to own internal rules
missed by common economic metrics like gdp
ways globalization has effected economies
disposded clothing in west sent to SA asia or africa- formal goods can transfer to informal econamies
iringa baskests
traditional basket making met with compitition from cheep plastic containers
consumption influencing products and distrebution
consumer behaviour drives change, ethiclly sourced goods- (labels like fair trade, organic, local) conspicuious consumption leads to production of higher end products only used for status
politics and econamy
diffrent groups have diffrent economic goals and resourses, political power dirived from ownership of economics ( land money labour) class ( defined by welth and consumption)
caste
interbreading in hierarchical system. movment to other groups prohibited, ( essentially the lack of mix between classes)
social complexcity
Many parts and connections between those parts
Large populations
Surplus production
More and larger institutions
Social stratification – distinct layers
politicaal organization
scales of incresing complexity
do not represent progress or value
bands
small scale societys
foregers
lacking formal leadership
few status diffrences
echange based on recipritorys
political society of the san
insulting the meat ( dont even, Adam.)
comlaining and teasing
no leader everybodys responsable for themselfs and their part
tribe
equal acsess to welth and prestige
leaders emerge
act to redistrubute weath
may gainfollowers by indebting others
big men ( lead by example and persuasion)
yanomami
organized small village (few hundred)
arranged marrage
hokds feasts for peace and negotiation
headman dictated by family leniage
cheifdom
Leadership positions become institutionalized, hereditary
Leaders have greater access to resources and prestige - stratification
Greater ability to coerce
Greater economic specialization
states
bureaucracy with signifigant power(taxation, inforcment )
monopoly over the legitimente use of force
large population supported by agricultiue
significant stratification
state formation
irrigation to state theory (defence for workers, production of wealth)
circumscription( shut up Adam)- extracting more labour and goods from people - barriers that prevent trveling elsewhere Subsistence system based on easily taxable food(s)
states and non states
Peoples who have effectively resisted incorporation into states:
Mobile – foragers and pastoralists
Challenging landscapes – deserts, mountains, jungles
Ex. Central Asian Steppe peoples, Amazon
Complicated relationships
cause of state collapse
forgen invasion
desise
social inequaty
natural disaster
climate change
enviornmental mismanagment
societys maintaining control
enforce and encourage corperation
methods of control diffrent/culturally dirived
creating solidarity
Sodalities: mechanisms that create connectedness between people who are not family
age sets; sodalities that organize people based on age
examples (grades in schools, Maasai- boys, junior warrior, senior warrer, elders)
power
ability to transform a situation
modes of power
Interpersonal power
Ability of one individual to impose their will on another
Organizational power
Ability to control others in particular social settings
Structural power
Control over social settings
diffrence of power dependant on societys
coursion and persuasion in larger political states
smaller scale partys instead using informal modes of persuasion
diffrent types of conflict
Feuds – recurring hostility between kin groups
Revenge
Raids – acquires resources from other populations without controlling them
Parasitic
control of resoourses, control of neighbouring populations
