sociology midterm Flashcards
define sociology
the systematic study of society and social interaction
what are the three main ways in witch sociological resarch is conducted
micro- level sociology, macro-level sociology and global-level sociology.
difine micro level sociology
friend groups, family, work colleuges, intamite constant everyday interactions
difine macro level sociology
society wide social interactions, institutions, gender relations, whole populations
difine global level sociology
global structure or presedings that extend beyond the boarders of country. globel level influence
what is the conflict between the three studys of sociology?
holisam, beacuse of the influence one has on another you cannot dictate resarch based on only one of thease aspets
who created socialogical imagination
(sociological lens) (sociological perspective)
C. wright mills
what are the three divisons of sociological knowlade
positivist, critical and interprative
what are the six paradigms of thinking within the three types of sociological knowledge
quantitative sociology, structural functionalism, historical materialism, feminism, symbolic interactionism, and social constructivism.
what is a positivist perspective
The rule of empiricism,value neutralityunity of the scientific method ruleThe rule of law-like statements
what two forms of positivisam have been most dominant
quantitative sociology and structural functionalism.
structural functionalism
sees society as having diffrent social structures maintatinging operations of society
social processes can have more then one function (structural functionalism) what are they?
manifested functions, latent function, and dysfunctions.
manifested function
goals that are consciously sought or anticipated in a social process or institution
latent functions
the unsought consequences or purposes of a social process or institution.
dysfunction
unwanted byproducts of latent functions
critisisms of positivisiom
claims nutralitly when bias exsists in everybody, question of can society be expladed as simpaly as a structure like science, and potential for missed agency of humanity due to its lens on macro level structures
interprative sociology
understanding or interpreting human activity in terms of the meanings that humans attribute to it
two main forms of interprative sociology?
symbolic interactionism and social constructionism
symbolic interaction
micro level, humans make meaning and interact by exchanging symbols like language or gestures
social constructictivism
large scale social processes, the catagorization of people how meaning is created and given authority through processes by which groups of people, experience, and reality are defined and categorized in specific cultural and historical contexts.
Essentialism
the characteristics of persons or groups are significantly influenced by an underlying human nature, and are therefore largely similar in all human cultures and historical periods.
critical sociology
critique of power relations and the understanding of society as historical — i.e., subject to change, struggle, contradiction, instability, social movement, and radical transformation.
two main value judgments in critical sociology
That human life is worth living, or rather that it can be and ought to be made worth living; and
- In a given society, specific possibilities exist for the amelioration of human life and the specific ways and means of realizing these possibilities.
historical materialism (critical socs)
everyday lives are structured by the connection between history, relations of power and economic processes. macro-level basis. reeview of the past to better the present, placment of historic institution and teir current influence
feminisam (critical socs)
feminist sociology has focused on the power relationships and inequalities between women and men
improtance of sociology and what it can be used for
teaches people to not accept easy explionations, allows room for the idea of humainty in sientific ways. propmotes rights in govermne t institutions (medical, prison, workplace) agency, wide variety of carrears throough transferable skills
emperical evidance
evidence corroborated by direct experience and/or observation
scientific method
An organized, logical way of learning and knowing about the social world.
(robert merton) sience is a kind of emperical knowlandge organized into 4 key components, what are they?
Communalism Universalism Disinterestedness Organized Skepticism
independent variables
the cause of the change.
dependent variable
the effect, or thing that is changed.
who fatered figuration
Norbert Elias
who fathered symbolic enteractionism
george herbert med
father of influential modern science
(developed sense of self)
sigmund freud
the looking glass self
charles cooley
commodody fetishism
karl marx
disenchantment of the world
max weber
ethnography
observation of social perspective/culture/values of entire social setting
paulo Freires
pedagogy of the oppressed (reference point in critical reserch)
who founded positivism
august comte
consept of false falsifiability
karl popper
standpoint theory
dorthy smith
interaction ritual chains
randle collins
father of interprative sociology
max weber
founding father of sociology
george simmel (jew)
established sociology as academic dissapline
emile Durkheim
harriet Martineau
one of the fisrt women in sociology (social reform)
framework for critical sociology
karl marx
AGIL schema
talcott parsons- division of society into four functional req- adaptation, goal attainment, interperation, latent pattern matenance
anomie
social normlessness lack of clear norms ,no direction/ purpose to individual action
critical sociology
perspective focased on inequality and power relations in society
disenchantment of the world
replacment of magical thinking by science
dinamic equalibrium
stable state which all parts of society are working thogether properly
dominant gender ideology
deleif that sex differneces are related to character,behaiviour, ablility
empiricism
philosophical tradition seeks to discover laws of opperation through detailed observation
functionalism
interprative sociology
perspective that explains human behaiviour in means the individual attributes to it
latent functions
the unrecognized/unintended consequences of a social process
paradigms
theoretical frameworks used within a dissaplin to formulate theorys generalizations and expirements
positivism
scientific study of social patterns using methodilogical principles of natural sciences
social constructivism
perspective that focases on socially created nature of social life
sociallogical imagination
understand how personal problems reaalte to public issues of social structure
structural functionalism
see society as a structure with intterealted hearts to meet the biological / social needs of individuals
symbolic interactionalism
perspective that focases on relationship of individuals by studying communication
critical research strategy
utalizes positivist, interprative and refexive meathods that maximize potential from freedom / equality
critcal pedagogy
approch to teaching / learning based on the agency of marginalized communtitys / empowering emancipation of oppressive structures
hawthorn effect
study subjects behaving in a certain manor due to being aware they are being obsevered
bianary oppisition
paired terms mutually exclusive and logical oppisites which structure set of system of associated meetings
Sapir whorf hypothisis
people understand the world based on their form of language
