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Salud > Tercer Parcial > Flashcards

Tercer Parcial Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system divides into…

A

Central and peripheral

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2
Q

Components of the central nervous system:

A

Brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Components of the peripheral nervous system:

A

Nerves

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4
Q

Functions of the nervous system:

A

Regulate operations of the body, muscles and glands by sending impulses or signals

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5
Q

They are also called nerve cells and are excitable cells that make up the nervous system

A

Neurons

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6
Q

Name the three types of neurons

A

Sensory, inter and motor

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7
Q

Type of neurons activated by stimuli (light, touch)

A

Sensory neurons

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8
Q

Type of neurons that receive and send signals from and to neurons

A

Inter neurons

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9
Q

Type of neurons that control muscles and glands

A

Motor neurons

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10
Q

What are the three parts that all neurons have?

A

Cell body, dendrites and axon

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11
Q

Part of the neuron that contains the nucleus and organelles

A

Cell body

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12
Q

Part of the neuron that consists of branched cytoplasmic extensions that can pick up messages from other nerve cells

A

Dendrites

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13
Q

Part of the neuron that consists of a cytoplasmic extension that transmits electrical signals and releases chemical signals at its endings

A

Axon

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14
Q

Type of neuron that holds other neurons in place and produces myelin

A

Neuroglia or glial cells

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15
Q

Increases the speed at which signals travel along an axon

A

Myelin

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16
Q

Brief transversal of the electric gradient across the plasma membrane

A

Action potential

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17
Q

They carry messages between cells

A

Chemical signals

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18
Q

Region where a neuron’s axon terminal transmits signals to another cell

A

Chemical synapse

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19
Q

Name the 6 neurotransmitters

A

Acetylcholine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin and endorphins

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20
Q

Neurotransmitter that induces skeletal muscle contraction, slows cardiac rate and affects memory

A

Acetylcholine

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21
Q

Neurotransmitters that speed heart rate, dilate pupils and airways and increase anxiety

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

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22
Q

Neurotransmitter that has roles in memory, learning and motor control

A

Dopamine

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23
Q

Neurotransmitter that elevates mood

A

Serotonin

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24
Q

Neurotransmitters that elevate mood, promote feelings of well being and decrease pain

A

Endorphins

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25
Q

What are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Somatic and autonomic

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26
Q

Division of peripheral nervous system that controls the skeletal muscles and voluntary moves

A

Somatic nervous system

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27
Q

Peripheral nervous system division that relays signals to smooth and cardiac muscle and glands. It controls involuntary moves

A

Autonomic nervous system

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28
Q

Which are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

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29
Q

Division of the autonomic nervous system that activates when relaxed, release acetylcholine

A

Parasympathetic division

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30
Q

Division of the autonomic nervous system that activates when excited or in danger. Releases norepinephrine

A

Sympathetic division

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31
Q

Membranes that enclose and protect the brain and spinal cord in the central nervous system

A

Meninges

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32
Q

Protective mechanism that prevents unwanted substances from entering the cerebrospinal fluid

A

Blood brain barrier

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33
Q

There are two types of tissue in the brain and spinal cord, which are:

A

White (bundles of axons) and gray (cell bodies, dendrites and neuroglial cells)

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34
Q

Portion of the central nervous system that runs through the vertebral column and connects the peripheral nerves with the brain

A

Spinal cord

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35
Q

Is an automatic response to stimuli

A

Reflex

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36
Q

It has an average weight of 3 pounds (1,240 grams) and 100 billion interneurons

A

Brain

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37
Q

Is divided into right and left hemispheres by a fisure

A

Brain

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38
Q

Thick band of tissue that connects the two brain hemispheres

A

Corpus callosum

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39
Q

Outer layer of gray matter in each hemisphere that has functions in language and abstract thought

A

Cerebral cortex

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40
Q

Name the 4 lobes of the brain

A

Frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal

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41
Q

Brain lobe that controls motor skills, expressive language and reasoning

A

Frontal lobe

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42
Q

Brain lobe that processes tactile sensory information, such as pressure, touch and pain, and essential to the five senses

A

Parietal lobe

43
Q

Brain lobe that has roles in visual stimuli and information

A

Occipital lobe

44
Q

Brain lobe that has roles in interpreting sounds and language we hear. Involved in memory

A

Temporal

45
Q

Its name means “under the thalamus” and is the center for homeostatic control. It regulates thirst, appetite, sex drive and body temperature. It is also an endocrine gland.

A

Hypothalamus

46
Q

Hormone-producing glands and secretory cells of a vertebrate body

A

Endocrine system

47
Q

Secrete hormones into the bloodstream

A

Endocrine glands

48
Q

Types of hormones (4):

A

Steroids, amines, peptides and proteins

49
Q

Hormones produced by the hypothalamus

A

ADH and oxytocin (secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary)

50
Q

Hormones released by the anterior pituitary

A

Prolactin and growth hormone

51
Q

Gland that secretes melatonin. This secretions decrease when retina detects light.

A

Pineal gland

52
Q

Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland

A

Thyroid hormone

53
Q

What does the thyroid regulates

A

Metabolic rate

54
Q

Are the main regulators of calcium level in blood and release parathyroid hormone

A

Parathyroid glands

55
Q

Are the glands located above each kidney and each of this glands has two regions called adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

A

Adrenal glands

56
Q

Hormone secreted by the adrenal glands

A

Cortisol

57
Q

Primary reproductive organs:

A

Male’s testes and female’s ovaries

58
Q

Hormones secreted by the gonads (reproductive organs):

A

Estrogen, testosterone and progesterone (in different proportions)

59
Q

Period during which the body’s reproductive organs and structures mature and begin to function. Sex hormone production starts during this period.

A

Puberty

60
Q

Hormones that regulate maturation of eggs and prepare the body for pregnancy

A

Estrogen and progesterone

61
Q

Hormone that regulates sperm production and facial hair

A

Testosterone

62
Q

It usually happens between the ages 10 and 14 for girls and ages 12 and 16 for boys. Causes physical changes.

A

Puberty

63
Q

First sign of puberty in girls is:

A

Breast development

64
Q

First sign of puberty in boys:

A

Testicles and penis get bigger

65
Q

What marks sexual maturity in females?

A

The menarche or first menstruation

66
Q

What marks sexual maturity in males?

A

The spermarche or first ejaculation

67
Q

Duct that carries sperm away from an epididymis and to a short ejaculatory duct

A

Vas deferens

68
Q

Has a rounded head (glans) at the of a narrower shaft

A

Penis

69
Q

Complex mixture of sperm, proteins, nutrients, ions, and signaling molecules. Sperm account for less than 5% of its volume.

A

Semen

70
Q

They contribute to semen formation:

A

Seminal vesicles, prostate gland and bulbourethral glands

71
Q

Hollow, pear-shaped organ above the urinary bladder

A

Uterus

72
Q

A thick layer of smooth muscle makes up most most of the uterine wall

A

** note **

73
Q

The uterine lining (endometrium) consists of glandular epithelium connective tissue and blood vessels

A

** note **

74
Q

Is the lowest part of the uterus and is connected to the vagina

A

Cervix

75
Q

Muscular tube that extends from the cervix to the body’s surface. It functions as the female organ of intercourse and as birth canal

A

Vagina

76
Q

Is the externally visible portion of the female reproductive system

A

Vulva

77
Q

Outer folds of the vagina -> labia majora

Inner folds of the vagina -> labia minora

A

** note **

78
Q

Is the tip of an erectile organ

A

Clitoris

79
Q

Is a general term for an immature egg

A

Oocytes

80
Q

A girl is born with 2 million primary oocytes in her ovaries

A

** note **

81
Q

What marks the first day of the menstrual cycle?

A

The onset of menstruation

82
Q

How many days does the menstrual cycle have?

A

28 days

83
Q

Hormone that stimulates reabsorption of sodium and water

A

Aldosterone

84
Q

Cycle-induced hormonal changes can cause sadness, irritability, anxiety or headaches. This symptoms are known as:

A

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

85
Q

Contractions of smooth muscle in the uterine wall during menstruation

A

Menstrual cramps

86
Q

When do menstrual cycles stop?

A

After the menopause at the age of 50

87
Q

How pregnancy happens?

A

Sex or intercourse

88
Q

Sexual climax

A

Orgasm

89
Q

During orgasm, the vaginal wall and pelvis contract rhythmically in females. In males, contractions force the sperm into the urethra which are then ejaculated in the vagina

A

** notes **

90
Q

How many sperms, approximately, an ejaculation puts into the vagina?

A

From 150 to 350 million

91
Q

Where are eggs fertilized?

A

In the oviduct

92
Q

Which is the most effective method to prevent pregnancy?

A

Abstinence

93
Q

Types of methods to prevent pregnancy

A

Hormonal methods, intrauterine methods, sterilization, emergency contraception, barrier methods, among others

94
Q

Method that consists on removing the penis from the vagina before ejaculation

A

Withdrawal

95
Q

Method that consists on rinsing the vagina immediately after intercourse

A

Douche

96
Q

Surgical method in females:

A

Tubal ligation (or cutting)

97
Q

Surgical method in males:

A

Vasectomy

98
Q

Sperm poison or killer

A

Spermicidal

99
Q

Flexible, dome-shaped device that is positioned inside the vagina so it covers the cervix

A

Diaphragm

100
Q

Are thin, tight-fitting sheaths worn over the penis during intercourse

A

Condoms

101
Q

Device inserted into the uterus

A

Intrauterine device (IUD)

102
Q

Small, flat adhesive patch applied to the skin that delivers the same mixture of hormones as an oral contraceptive and blocks ovulation

A

Patch

103
Q

Delivers a large dose of synthetic progesterone that prevents ovulation and interferes with fertilization.

A

Morning-after pill

Salud (4 decks)

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