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Salud > Primer Parcial > Flashcards

Primer Parcial Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 stages in the natural history of a disease?

A

Stage of susceptibility
Stage of pre-symptomatic (subclinical)
Stage of clinical disease
Stage of disability, recovery or death

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2
Q

In this stage, the disease hasn’t yet developed, but the groundwork has been laid by the presence of factors that favor its occurrence

A

Stage of susceptibility

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3
Q

In this stage, there are no manifestations of the disease but pathological changes (damages) have started to occur inside the body

A

Stage of pre-symptomatic (subclinical)

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4
Q

Difference between signs and symptoms

A

Signs are seen and symptoms aren’t

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5
Q

At this stage, the person has developed signs and symptoms of the disease

A

Clinical stage

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6
Q

This stage is after the disease; it may end in a disability, recovery of the disease or death

A

Stage of disability, recovery, or death

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7
Q

Means to interrupt or slow the progress of disease

A

Disease prevention

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8
Q

What are the three levels of prevention?

A

Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Tertiary prevention

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9
Q

The main objectives of this level of prevention are promoting health, preventing exposures, and prevention of disease

A

Primary prevention

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10
Q

Name the three components of primary prevention

A

Health promotion
Prevention of exposure
Prevention of disease

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11
Q

Primary prevention component that consists of general non-specific interventions that enhance health and the body’s ability to resist disease

A

Health promotion

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12
Q

Primary prevention component that is the avoidance of factors which may cause disease if an individual is exposed to them

A

Prevention of exposure

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13
Q

Primary prevention component that is the prevention of disease development after the individual has become exposed to the disease causing factors

A

Prevention of disease

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14
Q

The objective of this level of prevention is to stop or slow the progression of disease so as to prevent or limit permanent damage

A

Secondary prevention

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15
Q

This level of prevention is targeted toward people with permanent damage or disability. Its objectives are treatment to prevent further disability or death and to limit physical, psychological, social, and financial impact of disability

A

Tertiary prevention

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16
Q

Complex network of interacting cells, cell products and tissues that protect the body from pathogens and other foreign substances

A

Immune system

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17
Q

Is the capacity of the organism to remove or to eliminate strange substances, pathogenic, and cancerous cells

A

Immunity

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18
Q

Physical, chemical, and mechanical barriers that usually keep pathogens on the outside of the body

A

1st line of defense

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19
Q

Innate immunity; it begins after a tissue is damaged, or after antigen is detected inside the body

A

2nd line of defense

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20
Q

White blood cells divide to form huge populations that target a specific antigen and destroy anything bearing it

A

3rd line of defense

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21
Q

In this type of immunity, the body produces antibodies

Examples: infection, vaccines

A

Active immunity

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22
Q

In this type of immunity, someone or something gives you the antibodies; your body doesn’t produce them

A

Passive immunity

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23
Q

Acquired immunity depends on what lymphocytes?

A

B and T cells

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24
Q

Cells that produce antibodies

A

B cells

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25
Q

Memory cells, they activate B cells and kill cells

A

T cells

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26
Q

Refers to the progression of a disease process in an individual over time, in the absence of prevention

A

Natural history of disease

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27
Q

Level of organization

A

Atoms -> molecules -> cells -> tissues -> organs -> organ systems

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28
Q

Is composed of similar specialized cells that perform a common function in the body

A

Tissue

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29
Q

Name the 4 types of tissue

A

Connective
Epithelial
Muscular
Nervous

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30
Q

Type of tissue that consists of tightly packed cells that form a continuous layer. It covers surfaces, lines, and body cavities

A

Epithelial tissue

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31
Q

Name the 5 functions of epithelial tissue

A 
Protection
Secretion
Absorption
Excretion
Filtration
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32
Q

It joins epithelium to underlying connective tissue

A

Basement membrane

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33
Q

It is composed of glycoprotein secreted by the epithelium snd collagen fibers secreted by the connective tissue

A

Basement membrane

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34
Q

Epithelial tissue can be classified into … and ….

A

Cell shape and number of layers

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35
Q

What does squamous mean?

A

Flat

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36
Q

What does cuboidal mean?

A

Square

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37
Q

What does columnar mean?

A

Rectangular

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38
Q

What does simple mean?

A

That the epithelial tissue has one layer

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39
Q

What does stratified means?

A

That the epithelial tissue has several layers

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40
Q

What does pseudo-stratified mean?

A

That the epithelial tissue has one layer but looks like two

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41
Q

Is an epithelium that secretes a product

A

Gland

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42
Q

What are the three types of glands?

A

Exocrine glands
Endocrine glands
Mixed glands

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43
Q

Type of gland that secretes its products into ducts

A

Exocrine gland

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44
Q

Type of gland that secretes its products directly into the bloodstream

A

Endocrine gland

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45
Q

Type of gland that is both endocrine and exocrine

A

Mixed gland

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46
Q

Type of tissue that consists of a matrix, cells, and fibers

A

Connective tissue

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47
Q

Is a noncellular material secreted by the cells that varies its consistency from liquid to solid

A

Matrix

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48
Q

What are the three types of fibers that a matrix can have?

A 
Collagen fibers (give flexibility and strength)
Reticular fibers (support networks)
Elastic fibers (give elasticity)
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49
Q

Type of tissue that binds organs together, provides support and protection, fills spaces, produces blood cells, and stores fat.

A

Connective tissue

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50
Q

What are the two types of connective tissue?

A

Loose fibrous connective tissue and dense fibrous connective tissue

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51
Q

Type of connective tissue that covers muscle, supports epithelium and internal organs

A

Loose fibrous connective tissue

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52
Q

Type of connective tissue that has cells called fibroblasts, a jellylike matrix with collagen fibers, and is found in tendons and ligaments

A

Dense fibrous connective tissue

53
Q

They connect muscle to bone

A

Tendons

54
Q

They connect bone to bone

A

Ligaments

55
Q

Types of specialized connective tissue

A

Adipose
Reticular
Cartilage

56
Q

Consists of fibroblasts that can enlarge and store fat. Is found beneath the skin, around the kidneys, and on the heart. Stores energy, insulates, and protects organs

A

Adipose tissue

57
Q

It forms the supporting meshwork of lymphoid tissue in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow

A

Reticular connective tissue

58
Q

Connective tissue consisting of cells called chondrocytes which lie in chambers called lacunae separated by a matrix that is solid but flexible.

A

Cartilage

59
Q

Consists of an extremely hard matrix of inorganic salts, especially calcium salts deposited around collagen fibers

A

Bone

60
Q

What are the two types of bone?

A

Compact and spongy

61
Q

What are the two layers of blood?

A

Plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%)

62
Q

Type of tissue that consists of cells called muscle fibers

A

Muscle tissue

63
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle

64
Q

Type of muscle tissue that is voluntary, is attached to bones by tendons, and cilindrical

A

Skeletal tissue

65
Q

Type of muscle tissue that is involuntary, spindle shaped and found in the walls of organs

A

Smooth muscle

66
Q

Type of tissue that contains nerve cells called neurons present in the brain and spinal cord. It allows the body to detect and respond to internal and external stimuli

A

Nervous tissue

67
Q

What are the three functions of nervous system?

A

Detect stimuli
Integrates information
Controls the actions of muscles and glands

68
Q

What are the three parts of the neurons?

A

Cell body (contains nucleus and cytoplasm)
Dendrites (conduct signals towards the cell body)
Axon (conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body)

69
Q

It includes the skin, hair, nails, sudoriferous glands (sweat), and sebaceous glands (oil)

A

Integumentary system

70
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A

Protect underlying tissues, regulate temperature, and synthesizes vitamin D

71
Q

What are the layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis and dermis

72
Q

Characteristics of epidermis

A

Stratified squamous epithelium, has keratin, and melanocytes

73
Q

Characteristics of dermis

A

Contains collagen and elastic fibers, blood vessels, and sensory receptors

74
Q

Layer found below the skin but isn’t part of it

A

Subcutaneous layer

75
Q

Layer that consists of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue

A

Subcutaneous layer

76
Q

They protect digits, have nail root, cuticle and lunula

A

Nails

77
Q

They extend from dermis through epidermis and epidermal cells in hair root form hair

A

Hair follicles

78
Q

They are associated with hair follicles and lubricate hair and skin

A

Oil glands

79
Q

Some of this glands open into hair follicles and others onto skin

A

Sweat glands

80
Q

Is the position of the body used by the medical doctors in order to describe the location of the parts and areas of the body

A

Anatomical position

81
Q

They divide the body or the organs in order to observe internal structures

A

Planes

82
Q

Plane that passes vertically through the body dividing it into left and right sections

A

Sagittal plane

83
Q

Plane that divides the body into EQUAL right and left halves

A

Mid-sagittal plane

84
Q

Plane that divides the body into UNEQUAL right and left halves

A

Parasagittal plane

85
Q

Plane that passes vertically through the body resulting in anterior and posterior sections

A

Frontal or coronal

86
Q

Plane that passes horizontally through the body resulting in inferior and superior sections called transversal sections

A

Transversal plane

87
Q

In which two main cavities is the human body divided?

A

Dorsal cavity and ventral cavity

88
Q

Cavity that contains the brain

A

Cranial cavity

89
Q

It contains the spinal cord

A

Vertebral canal

90
Q

Cavity that contains the heart and the lungs

A

Thoracic cavity

91
Q

Cavity that contains the stomach, liver, pancreas, and most of the large and small intestines

A

Abdominal cavity

92
Q

Cavity that contains the rectum, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs, and the rest of intestines

A

Pelvic cavity

93
Q

What separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?

A

The diaphragm

94
Q

Structural support, protection of soft body parts, production of blood cells, storage of minerals and fat, and flexible body movement

This are functions of…

A

The bones

95
Q

What surrounds the bone?

A

The periosteum (fibrous connective tissue)

96
Q

The ends of long bones are covered with…

A

Articular cartilage

97
Q

The ends of the long bone are called… They are composed of spongy bone and red bone marrow.

A

Epiphyses

98
Q

The part of the long bone between the epiphyses is called… It contains compact bone and yellow bone marrow

A

Diaphysis

99
Q

What can be found between the epiphyses and the diaphysis in a long bone?

A

Growth plane/epiphyseal line

100
Q

Is where bone growth occurs

A

Growth plate/epiphyseal line

101
Q

Are the bones of limbs

A

Long bones

102
Q

Are the cube shaped bones of the wrist

A

Short bones

103
Q

Are the bones of the skull

A

Flat bones

104
Q

Is the patella

A

Round bones

105
Q

Are the vertebrae and facial bones

A

Irregular bones

106
Q

In which parts is the skeleton divided?

A

Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

107
Q

Part of the skeleton that includes the skull, vertebral column, rib cage, and hyoid bone

A

Axial skeleton

108
Q

Part of the skeleton that includes the bones of limbs and the limb girdles

A

Appendicular skeleton

109
Q

Consists of the scapula and the clavicle

A

Pectoral girdle

110
Q

Consists of the humerus in the arm, the radius and the ulna in the forearm, the carpal bones of the wrist, the metacarpal bones of the palm, and the phalanges

A

Upper limbs

111
Q

Consists of the coaxial bones

A

Pelvic girdle

112
Q

Consist of the femur in the leg, the tibia and fibula in the lower leg, the patella in the knee, the tarsal bones of the ankle, the metatarsal bones and the phalanges

A

Lower limbs

113
Q

Area where bones come together. They include knee, elbow, shoulder, and hip

A

Joints

114
Q

A tough band of fibrous, slightly elastic connective tissue that attaches one bone to another. It binds the ends of bones together to prevent dislocation

A

Ligaments

115
Q

A very strong connective tissue that attaches skeletal muscle to bone

A

Tendons

116
Q

Types of joints (3)

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

117
Q

Type of joint that is immovable

A

Fibrous joint

118
Q

Type of joint that is slightly movable

A

Cartilaginous joint

119
Q

Joint that is freely movable

A

Synovial joint

120
Q

Forearm toward the arm is an example of what type of movement?

A

Flexion

121
Q

Forearm away from the arm is an example of what type of movement?

A

Extension

122
Q

Arms sideways, away from the body is an example of what type of movement?

A

Abduction

123
Q

Arms back to the body is an example of what type of movement?

A

Adduction

124
Q

Head to answer “no” is an example of what type of movement?

A

Rotation

125
Q

Occurs when a force exerted against a bone is stronger than the bone can support

A

Fracture

126
Q

Disorder in which bones loose mass and mineral content. Leads to and increases risk of fractures

A

Osteoporosis

127
Q

This happens when the fibers of a muscle in the body have been overstretched, resulting in a severe injury

A

Muscle tear or strain

128
Q

Musculoskeletal disorder in which there is a sideways curvature of the vertebrae (bones that make up the spine)

A

Scoliosis

Salud (4 decks)

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