Primer Parcial Flashcards
What are the 4 stages in the natural history of a disease?
Stage of susceptibility
Stage of pre-symptomatic (subclinical)
Stage of clinical disease
Stage of disability, recovery or death
In this stage, the disease hasn’t yet developed, but the groundwork has been laid by the presence of factors that favor its occurrence
Stage of susceptibility
In this stage, there are no manifestations of the disease but pathological changes (damages) have started to occur inside the body
Stage of pre-symptomatic (subclinical)
Difference between signs and symptoms
Signs are seen and symptoms aren’t
At this stage, the person has developed signs and symptoms of the disease
Clinical stage
This stage is after the disease; it may end in a disability, recovery of the disease or death
Stage of disability, recovery, or death
Means to interrupt or slow the progress of disease
Disease prevention
What are the three levels of prevention?
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Tertiary prevention
The main objectives of this level of prevention are promoting health, preventing exposures, and prevention of disease
Primary prevention
Name the three components of primary prevention
Health promotion
Prevention of exposure
Prevention of disease
Primary prevention component that consists of general non-specific interventions that enhance health and the body’s ability to resist disease
Health promotion
Primary prevention component that is the avoidance of factors which may cause disease if an individual is exposed to them
Prevention of exposure
Primary prevention component that is the prevention of disease development after the individual has become exposed to the disease causing factors
Prevention of disease
The objective of this level of prevention is to stop or slow the progression of disease so as to prevent or limit permanent damage
Secondary prevention
This level of prevention is targeted toward people with permanent damage or disability. Its objectives are treatment to prevent further disability or death and to limit physical, psychological, social, and financial impact of disability
Tertiary prevention
Complex network of interacting cells, cell products and tissues that protect the body from pathogens and other foreign substances
Immune system
Is the capacity of the organism to remove or to eliminate strange substances, pathogenic, and cancerous cells
Immunity
Physical, chemical, and mechanical barriers that usually keep pathogens on the outside of the body
1st line of defense
Innate immunity; it begins after a tissue is damaged, or after antigen is detected inside the body
2nd line of defense
White blood cells divide to form huge populations that target a specific antigen and destroy anything bearing it
3rd line of defense
In this type of immunity, the body produces antibodies
Examples: infection, vaccines
Active immunity
In this type of immunity, someone or something gives you the antibodies; your body doesn’t produce them
Passive immunity
Acquired immunity depends on what lymphocytes?
B and T cells
Cells that produce antibodies
B cells
Memory cells, they activate B cells and kill cells
T cells
Refers to the progression of a disease process in an individual over time, in the absence of prevention
Natural history of disease
Level of organization
Atoms -> molecules -> cells -> tissues -> organs -> organ systems
Is composed of similar specialized cells that perform a common function in the body
Tissue
Name the 4 types of tissue
Connective
Epithelial
Muscular
Nervous
Type of tissue that consists of tightly packed cells that form a continuous layer. It covers surfaces, lines, and body cavities
Epithelial tissue
Name the 5 functions of epithelial tissue
Protection Secretion Absorption Excretion Filtration
It joins epithelium to underlying connective tissue
Basement membrane
It is composed of glycoprotein secreted by the epithelium snd collagen fibers secreted by the connective tissue
Basement membrane
Epithelial tissue can be classified into … and ….
Cell shape and number of layers
What does squamous mean?
Flat
What does cuboidal mean?
Square
What does columnar mean?
Rectangular
What does simple mean?
That the epithelial tissue has one layer
What does stratified means?
That the epithelial tissue has several layers
What does pseudo-stratified mean?
That the epithelial tissue has one layer but looks like two
Is an epithelium that secretes a product
Gland
What are the three types of glands?
Exocrine glands
Endocrine glands
Mixed glands
Type of gland that secretes its products into ducts
Exocrine gland
Type of gland that secretes its products directly into the bloodstream
Endocrine gland
Type of gland that is both endocrine and exocrine
Mixed gland
Type of tissue that consists of a matrix, cells, and fibers
Connective tissue
Is a noncellular material secreted by the cells that varies its consistency from liquid to solid
Matrix
What are the three types of fibers that a matrix can have?
Collagen fibers (give flexibility and strength) Reticular fibers (support networks) Elastic fibers (give elasticity)
Type of tissue that binds organs together, provides support and protection, fills spaces, produces blood cells, and stores fat.
Connective tissue
What are the two types of connective tissue?
Loose fibrous connective tissue and dense fibrous connective tissue
Type of connective tissue that covers muscle, supports epithelium and internal organs
Loose fibrous connective tissue
Type of connective tissue that has cells called fibroblasts, a jellylike matrix with collagen fibers, and is found in tendons and ligaments
Dense fibrous connective tissue
They connect muscle to bone
Tendons
They connect bone to bone
Ligaments
Types of specialized connective tissue
Adipose
Reticular
Cartilage
Consists of fibroblasts that can enlarge and store fat. Is found beneath the skin, around the kidneys, and on the heart. Stores energy, insulates, and protects organs
Adipose tissue
It forms the supporting meshwork of lymphoid tissue in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow
Reticular connective tissue
Connective tissue consisting of cells called chondrocytes which lie in chambers called lacunae separated by a matrix that is solid but flexible.
Cartilage
Consists of an extremely hard matrix of inorganic salts, especially calcium salts deposited around collagen fibers
Bone
What are the two types of bone?
Compact and spongy
What are the two layers of blood?
Plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%)
Type of tissue that consists of cells called muscle fibers
Muscle tissue
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Type of muscle tissue that is voluntary, is attached to bones by tendons, and cilindrical
Skeletal tissue
Type of muscle tissue that is involuntary, spindle shaped and found in the walls of organs
Smooth muscle
Type of tissue that contains nerve cells called neurons present in the brain and spinal cord. It allows the body to detect and respond to internal and external stimuli
Nervous tissue
What are the three functions of nervous system?
Detect stimuli
Integrates information
Controls the actions of muscles and glands
What are the three parts of the neurons?
Cell body (contains nucleus and cytoplasm)
Dendrites (conduct signals towards the cell body)
Axon (conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body)
It includes the skin, hair, nails, sudoriferous glands (sweat), and sebaceous glands (oil)
Integumentary system
What are the functions of the skin?
Protect underlying tissues, regulate temperature, and synthesizes vitamin D
What are the layers of the skin?
Epidermis and dermis
Characteristics of epidermis
Stratified squamous epithelium, has keratin, and melanocytes
Characteristics of dermis
Contains collagen and elastic fibers, blood vessels, and sensory receptors
Layer found below the skin but isn’t part of it
Subcutaneous layer
Layer that consists of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue
Subcutaneous layer
They protect digits, have nail root, cuticle and lunula
Nails
They extend from dermis through epidermis and epidermal cells in hair root form hair
Hair follicles
They are associated with hair follicles and lubricate hair and skin
Oil glands
Some of this glands open into hair follicles and others onto skin
Sweat glands
Is the position of the body used by the medical doctors in order to describe the location of the parts and areas of the body
Anatomical position
They divide the body or the organs in order to observe internal structures
Planes
Plane that passes vertically through the body dividing it into left and right sections
Sagittal plane
Plane that divides the body into EQUAL right and left halves
Mid-sagittal plane
Plane that divides the body into UNEQUAL right and left halves
Parasagittal plane
Plane that passes vertically through the body resulting in anterior and posterior sections
Frontal or coronal
Plane that passes horizontally through the body resulting in inferior and superior sections called transversal sections
Transversal plane
In which two main cavities is the human body divided?
Dorsal cavity and ventral cavity
Cavity that contains the brain
Cranial cavity
It contains the spinal cord
Vertebral canal
Cavity that contains the heart and the lungs
Thoracic cavity
Cavity that contains the stomach, liver, pancreas, and most of the large and small intestines
Abdominal cavity
Cavity that contains the rectum, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs, and the rest of intestines
Pelvic cavity
What separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?
The diaphragm
Structural support, protection of soft body parts, production of blood cells, storage of minerals and fat, and flexible body movement
This are functions of…
The bones
What surrounds the bone?
The periosteum (fibrous connective tissue)
The ends of long bones are covered with…
Articular cartilage
The ends of the long bone are called… They are composed of spongy bone and red bone marrow.
Epiphyses
The part of the long bone between the epiphyses is called… It contains compact bone and yellow bone marrow
Diaphysis
What can be found between the epiphyses and the diaphysis in a long bone?
Growth plane/epiphyseal line
Is where bone growth occurs
Growth plate/epiphyseal line
Are the bones of limbs
Long bones
Are the cube shaped bones of the wrist
Short bones
Are the bones of the skull
Flat bones
Is the patella
Round bones
Are the vertebrae and facial bones
Irregular bones
In which parts is the skeleton divided?
Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
Part of the skeleton that includes the skull, vertebral column, rib cage, and hyoid bone
Axial skeleton
Part of the skeleton that includes the bones of limbs and the limb girdles
Appendicular skeleton
Consists of the scapula and the clavicle
Pectoral girdle
Consists of the humerus in the arm, the radius and the ulna in the forearm, the carpal bones of the wrist, the metacarpal bones of the palm, and the phalanges
Upper limbs
Consists of the coaxial bones
Pelvic girdle
Consist of the femur in the leg, the tibia and fibula in the lower leg, the patella in the knee, the tarsal bones of the ankle, the metatarsal bones and the phalanges
Lower limbs
Area where bones come together. They include knee, elbow, shoulder, and hip
Joints
A tough band of fibrous, slightly elastic connective tissue that attaches one bone to another. It binds the ends of bones together to prevent dislocation
Ligaments
A very strong connective tissue that attaches skeletal muscle to bone
Tendons
Types of joints (3)
Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial
Type of joint that is immovable
Fibrous joint
Type of joint that is slightly movable
Cartilaginous joint
Joint that is freely movable
Synovial joint
Forearm toward the arm is an example of what type of movement?
Flexion
Forearm away from the arm is an example of what type of movement?
Extension
Arms sideways, away from the body is an example of what type of movement?
Abduction
Arms back to the body is an example of what type of movement?
Adduction
Head to answer “no” is an example of what type of movement?
Rotation
Occurs when a force exerted against a bone is stronger than the bone can support
Fracture
Disorder in which bones loose mass and mineral content. Leads to and increases risk of fractures
Osteoporosis
This happens when the fibers of a muscle in the body have been overstretched, resulting in a severe injury
Muscle tear or strain
Musculoskeletal disorder in which there is a sideways curvature of the vertebrae (bones that make up the spine)
Scoliosis
