Teratology Lecture

Question 1

what are 4 insectivides that can cause birth defects and 1 example for each

Answer 1

1. Organophosphate- parathion 2. organochlorine- DDT 3. herbicides- agent orange 4. fungicides - captan

Question 2

what are 6 different risk factors for having a kid with FAS?

Answer 2

1. Drinking days/ race 2. altered nutrition 3. drug use 4. genetic susceptibility 5. maternal health 6. parity and maternal age

Question 3

what as the main mechanism of action for thalidomide?

Answer 3

neuronal degeneration

Question 4

what are the 4 psychiatric drugs of concern?

Answer 4

1. librium 2. valium 3. meprobamate 4. lithium

Question 5

Types of interaction:

Answer 5

1. Interferences 2. Nil effect 3. Additive effect 4. Potentiation (synergism)

Question 6

what is a drug that is more teratongenic then thalidomide?

Answer 6

accutane! alters neural crest cell migrations!

Question 7

what is an example of an antibiotic causing concenr?

Answer 7

tetracyclines

Question 8

when in your pregnancy would thalidomide have an effect and how many dosages?

Answer 8

first trimester and 1 dose

Question 9

what are 4 sites of teratogenesis?

Answer 9

1. fetus-direct 2. fetail placental unit- indirect 3. mother- altered homeostasis 4. father- sperm

Question 10

what is principle 6?

Answer 10

Manifestations of abnormal development increase ion frequency and degree with dose from the no effect level to the lethal level. as dose of teratogen goes up, so does defect

Question 11

what are the 4 basic causes of teratology? what 2 are more dominant?

Answer 11

1. Toxins 2. Infectious 3. Genetic 4. Nutritious Infection and genetics are most dominant

Question 12

what are the % causes of malformations?

Answer 12

25%- genetic or chromosomal factors 10% known environmental factors 65% unknown

Question 13

what are the different developmental stages and where do we see most problems occur?

Answer 13

1. pre-differentiation 2. Early differentiation- most prone! 3. Advanced organogenesis

Question 14

what is principle 3?

Answer 14

Teratogenic agents act in specific ways (mechanisms) on developing cells and tissues to initiate sequences of abnormal developmental events.

Question 15

what are the 8 factors affecting fetal dose?

Answer 15

1. Maternal dose * 2. Maternal absorption rate * 3. Maternal metabolism * 4. Plasma half life 5. Protein binding 6. Placental transfer 7. Molecular weight * 8. charge *

Question 16

what are 2 anticonvulsants of concern?

Answer 16

1. diphenylhydantoin 2. valporic acid

Question 17

what are 5 teratology testing considerations?

Answer 17

1. route of administration 2. dose 3. duration of treatment 4 animal species 5. number of animals

Question 18

what is the first principle of teratology?

Answer 18

Susceptibility to tertogenesis depends on the genotype of the conceptus and the manner in which it interacts with adverse environmental factors.

Question 19

what are the 4 effects of prenatal ethanol exposure?

Answer 19

1. perinatal mortality 2. pre+postnatal growth retardation 3. congenital malformations 4. CNS dysfunction

Question 20

What is the second principle of teratology? Most important principle!

Answer 20

Susceptibility to teratogenesis varies with the developmental stage at the time of exposure to an adverse influence.

Question 21

what are 5 different mechanisms of action that will result in FAS?

Answer 21

1. direct embryonic cell damage 2. Maternal malnutrition 2. fetal nutrition 4. depressed protein synthesis 5. fetal hypoxia- not getting enough oxygen and brain does not develop right

Question 22

what are 5 environmental considerations?

Answer 22

1. diet 2. housing 3. climate 4. handling 5. infections

Question 23

Principle 4: The final manifestations of abnormal development are:

Answer 23

1. Death 2. Malformation 3. Growth retardation 4. Postnatal functional deficiency

Question 24

describe DES daughters

Answer 24

diethylstilbestrol, if used in the first trimester, when your child hits puberty they would develop weird cancers. It mainly effects females

Question 25

what are the 4 mechanisms of actions for diethylstilbestrol?

Answer 25

1. altered cell differentiation 2. estrogenization 3. direct carcinogen 4. 2 hit carcinogen

Question 26

what is principle 5?

Answer 26

The access of adverse influences (agents) to the developing tissues (fetus) depends upon the physical nature of the target

Question 27

when and what trimester is a critical point for teraotgens?

Answer 27

middle of first trimester or day 30!