Teratogens Flashcards
What clinical findings are seen in fetuses exposed to the anticonvulsants phenytoin, carbamzepine, and valproic acid?
Phenytoin - Fetal hydantoin syndrome (growth deficiency, developmental delay, craniofacial anomalies, hypoplsatic phalanges/nails), use during 1st trimester, 30% increased risk for VKD
Carbamzepine - spina bifida when exposure occurs between 15-29 days after conception
Valproic acid - spina bifida, during 1st trimester can lead to craniofacial abnormalities and preaxial defects
Why was thalidomide initially pulled from the market in many countries?
Limd defects such as missing arms and/or legs and ear malformations with deafness
What anomalies are seen in children whose mothers used DES?
Use before 12 weeks of gestation increases risk of vaginal adenocarcinoma, also reports of uterine abnormalities, vaginal adnosis, and male infertility
What are the 3 distinct categories of findings in children with fetal alcohol syndrome?
- Facial abnormalities: must have 2 (shortened palpebral fissures, epicanthal folds, hypoplastic nasal root, short upturned nose, thin upper lip, midface hypolasia)
- Pre or post-natal growth deficiency: Must have 1 (weight <10%-ile, microcephaly, length/height ratio <10%-ile)
- Cognitive abnormality: must have 1 developmental or learning problem
Most common cause of intellectual disability
When is it most effective for a woman with diabetes to get her blood sugar under control in order to decrease her child’s risk for birth defects?
Before conception
Congenital defects: sacral agenesis (caudal regression syndrome), situs inversus, holoprosencephaly, and congenital heart disease.
How does maternal hypertension relate to miscarriage??
Increases the risk of miscarriage
What are the different congenital anomalies cause by rubella? How are these dependent on the time of infection?
Deafness: up to 8 weeks
Cataracts: 9-12 weeks
Heart Defects: 12-30 weeks
