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Embryology > Teratogens > Flashcards

Teratogens Flashcards

1
Q

What is the effect of ACE inhibitors?

A

Renal damage

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2
Q

What is the effect of Alkylating agents?

A

Absence of digits, multiple anomalies

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3
Q

What is the effect of Aminoglycosides?

A

CN VIII toxicity

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4
Q

What is the effect of carbamazepine?

A

facial dysmorphism, developmental delay, neural tube defects, phalanx/fingernail hypoplasia

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5
Q

What is the effect of DES?

A

Vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma, mullerian abnormalities

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6
Q

What is the effect of folate antagonists?

A

Neural tube defects

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7
Q

What is the effect of isoretinoin?

A

Multiple severe birth defects: contraception mandatory

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8
Q

What is the effect of lithium?

A

Ebstein anomaly

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9
Q

What is the Ebstein anomaly?

A

Atrialized right ventricle (lithium)

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10
Q

What is the effect of methimazole?

A

aplasia cutis congenita

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11
Q

What is aplasia cutis congenita?

A

Characterized by the absence of a portion of skin in a localized or widespread area at birth - most common on scalp. Caused by methimazole (among other causes)

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12
Q

What is the effect of phenytoin?

A

Fetal hydantoin syndrome: cleft palate, cardiac defects, phalanx/fingernail hypoplasia

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13
Q

What is the effect of tetracyclines?

A

Discolored teeth

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14
Q

What is the effect of thalidomide?

A

Limb defects (phocomelia, micromelia; flipper limbs)

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15
Q

What is the effect of valproate?

A

Inhibition of maternal folate absorption; neural tube defects

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16
Q

What is the effect of warfarin?

A

Bone deformities, fetal hemorrhage, abortion, opthalmologic abnormalities

17
Q

What is the effect of Etoh?

A

common cause of birth defects and intellectual disability: fetal alcohol syndrome

18
Q

What is the effect of cocaine?

A

Abnormal fetal growth and fetal addiction, placental abruption

19
Q

What is the effect of smoking (mechanisms for nicotine, CO)?

A

Low birth weight (leading cause in developed countries), preterm labor, placental problems, IUGR, ADHD
(nicotine –> vasoconstriction
CO –> impaired O2 deliver)

20
Q

What is the effect of lack or excess of iodine?

A

Congenital goiter or hypthyroidism (cretinism)

21
Q

What is the effect of maternal diabetes?

A

Caudal regression syndrome (anal atresia to sirenomelia)
Congenital heart defects
Neural tube defects

22
Q

What is the effect of Vitamin A excess?

A

Extremely high risk for spontaneous abortions and birth defects (cleft palate, cardiac)

23
Q

What is the effect of X-rays?

A

Microcephaly, intellectual disability

24
Q

What is the leading cause of intellectual disability in the US?

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome

25
Q

What facial abnormalities are classic for fetal alcohol syndrome?

A

Smooth philtrum, hypertelorism

26
Q

What is the mechanism of fetal alcohol syndrome defects?

A

Failure of cell migration

27
Q

What are the most severe manifestations of fetal alcohol syndrome?

A

limb dislocation, heart-lung fistulas, holoprosencephaly

Embryology (6 decks)

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