Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

TAS Perinatal Medicine ✅ > Teratogens ✅ > Flashcards

Teratogens ✅ Flashcards

1
Q

What are teratogens?

A

Substances producing disruption of embryogenesis by either deformity or malformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What kind of agents can be teratogens?

A
  • Chemical
  • Physical
  • Infectious
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the pattern of abnormality caused by teratogens depend on?

A
  • Timing and magnitude of exposure
  • Maternal metabolism
  • Placental transfer
  • Genetic susceptibility of the embryo
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Give 4 categories of chemical teratogenic agents

A
  • Drugs
  • Hormones
  • Alcohol
  • Environment chemicals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Give an example of a teratogenic environmental chemical

A

Organic mercury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the teratogenic effect of organic mercury

A

Neurological damage resembling cerebral palsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Give an example of a teratogenic physical agent

A

High levels of ionising radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What can high levels of ionising radiation during pregnancy cause?

A
  • Microcephaly
  • Spina bifida
  • Cleft palate
  • Limb defects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Other than teratogenic effects, what else can high levels of ionising radiation during pregnancy cause?

A
  • Carcinogenic effects

- Mutagenic effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is meant by mutagenic effects?

A

Changes to DNA which can be passed to future generations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Give 8 types of pharmacological agent that may affect a developing foetus?

A
  • Hormones
  • Anti-psychotics
  • Anti-convulsants
  • Anti-microbials
  • Anti-coagulants
  • Anti-thyroid
  • Vitamin A analogues
  • Folic acid inhibits
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Give 2 hormones that may affect the foetus?

A
  • Progesterone

- Diethylstilbestrol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the teratogenic effect of exogenous progesterone

A

VACTERL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the teratogenic effect of diethylstilbestrol?

A

Vaginal or clear cell carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Give 2 anti-psychotics that can be teratogenic

A
  • Lithium

- Thalidomide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the teratogenic effect of lithium?

A

Ebstein anomaly

17
Q

What are the teratogenic effects of thalidomide?

A
  • Short limbs (phocomelia)
  • Absent auricles
  • Deafness
18
Q

Give 3 anti-convulsants that can have teratogenic effects

A
  • Sodium valproate
  • Phenytoin
  • Carbamazepine
19
Q

What is the clinical presentation of the teratogenic effects of anti-psychotics known as?

A

Fetal valproate/hydantoin/carbamazpeine syndrome

20
Q

What are the clinical features of fetal valproate/hydantoin/carbamazepine syndrome?

A
  • Craniofacial, cardiac, and limb defects

- Developmental delay

21
Q

Give 2 anti-microbials that can have teratogenic effects

A
  • Tetracycline

- Streptomycin

22
Q

What are the teratogenic effects of tetracycline?

A
  • Tooth enamel hypoplasia

- Yellow staining of teeth

23
Q

What are the teratogenic effects of streptomycin?

A

Sensorineural deafness

24
Q

What anticoagulant can have teratogenic effects?

A

Warfarin

25
Q

What is the clinical presentation of the teratogenic effects of warfarin termed?

A

Fetal warfarin syndrome

26
Q

What are the features of fetal warfarin syndrome?

A
  • Nasal hypoplasia
  • Microcephaly
  • Optic atrophy
  • Hydrocephalus
  • Congenital heart defects
  • Stippled epiphyses
  • Purpuric rash
27
Q

Give 2 anti-thyroid medications that can have teratogenic effects?

A
  • Iodine

- Propylthiouracil

28
Q

What are the teratogenic effects of iodine and propylthiouracil?

A
  • Goitre

- Hypothyroidism

29
Q

Give a vitamin A analogue that can have teratogenic effects?

A

Isotretinoin

30
Q

What are the teratogenic effects of isotretinoin?

A
  • Craniofacial anomalies

- Conotruncal cardiac defects

31
Q

Give a folic acid inhibitor that can have teratogenic effects?

A

Methotrexate

32
Q

What are the teratogenic effects of methotrexate?

A
  • Microcephaly
  • Neural tube defects
  • Short limbs
33
Q

How do drugs cause teratogenicity?

A

Either by interfering directly with embryogenesis or by exerting their pharmacological actions on fetal organs

34
Q

What is the difficulty of identifying which drugs are teratogenic?

A
  • Adverse effects of medicines difficult to recognise unless they produce recognisable patterns of malformation
  • May be considerable delay before teratogenic effects are associated with certain drug
  • Presentation of teratogenic effect may be delayed

TAS Perinatal Medicine ✅ (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions