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TAS Perinatal Medicine ✅ > Placental Physiology and Early Embryology ✅ > Flashcards

Placental Physiology and Early Embryology ✅ Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major functions of the placenta?

A
  • Transport
  • Immunity
  • Metabolism
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2
Q

What happens on day 1 of embryological development?

A

Fertilisation

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3
Q

What happens on day 2 of embryological development?

A

Cleavage

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4
Q

What is formed from cleavage in embryological formation?

A

The blastomere

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5
Q

What happens on day 3 of embyrological development?

A

Compaction

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6
Q

What is formed between cells during the compaction stage of embryological development?

A

A tight cell junction

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7
Q

What happens on day 4 of embryological formation?

A

Differentiation

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8
Q

What is formed from differentiation in embryological development?

A

An inner cell mass and a outer cell mass

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9
Q

What happens on day 5 of embryological development?

A

Cavitation

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10
Q

What happens to the embryo in cavitation?

A

The outer cell mass forms a trophoblast, and the blastocyst cavity develops

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11
Q

What happens on day 6 of embryological development?

A

Zona hatching

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12
Q

What happens on day 7 of embryological development?

A

Implantation

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13
Q

What happens on day 9 of embryological development?

A

Cell mass differentiation

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14
Q

What cell masses are formed from differentiation on day 9 of embryological development?

A
  • Epiblast
  • Hypoblast

(and have still trophoblast from before)

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15
Q

What happens on day 12 of embryological development?

A

Bilaminar disc formation

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16
Q

What happens on day 12 of embryological development?

A

Mesoderm formation

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17
Q

Where does mesoderm form?

A

Between the ectoderm and the endoderm

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18
Q

What happens on day 18 of embryological development?

A

Mesoderm spreading

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19
Q

What happens on day 23 of embryological development?

A

Amniotic sac enlargement

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20
Q

At what stage of early embryological development does the placenta start to develop?

A

As soon as the blastocyst implants in the uterine endometrium, forming the trophoblast

21
Q

How is the blood supply established in development of the placenta?

A

A network of umbilical vessels develop and branch through the chorionic plate to form villi

22
Q

At what stage of gestation is the blood supply complete on the maternal side of the placenta?

A

11-12 weeks

23
Q

What happens once the blood supply is complete on the maternal side of the placenta?

A

The uterine spiral arteries dilate and straighten and bathe the intervillous space with blood

24
Q

What are the transport functions of the placenta?

A
  • Nutrients from mother to foetus
  • Waste products from foetus to mother
  • Gaseous exchange
25
Q

What methods of transport are utilised by the placenta?

A
  • Simple diffusion for small molecules

- Active transport for larger molecules

26
Q

What gases is the placenta responsible for exchange of?

A

O2 and CO2

27
Q

What is the pO2 in the mother?

A

10-14KPa

28
Q

What is the pO2 in the foetus?

A

2-4KPa

29
Q

What happens once oxygen has diffused from the mother to the foetus?

A

It binds to fetal haemoglobin

30
Q

What facilitates the off-loading of oxygen from maternal Hb?

A
  • Higher affinity of foetal Hb

- Change in maternal blood pH

31
Q

How does the affinity of foetal haemoglobin for oxygen compare to that of the mothers?

A

It has a higher affinity for a given pO2

32
Q

What is the immune function of the placenta?

A
  • Prevention of rejection of the foetus

- Provides newborn with innate immunity to infectious diseases

33
Q

Why does rejection of the foetus not occur?

A

Because the trophoblastic cells appear non-antigenic, and so the maternal immune system does not react to it

34
Q

What may happen if some foetal cells do cross into the maternal circulation?

A

They can trigger an immune reaction

35
Q

Give an example of where disease can be caused by the immune reaction generated when foetal cells cross over into maternal circulation

A

Rhesus haemolytic disease

36
Q

Which maternal immunoglobulins are able to cross the placental barrier?

A

IgG

37
Q

Why is maternal IgG able to cross the placental barrier?

A

It is small

38
Q

Can IgM immunoglobulins cross the placental barrier?

A

No

39
Q

What are the metabolic functions of the placenta?

A
  • Production of hormones

- Detoxification of drugs and metabolites

40
Q

What hormones are produced by the placenta?

A
  • Human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG)

- Human chorionic thyrotrophin (HCT)

41
Q

What is the result of the metabolic activity of the placenta meaning it has high energy demands?

A

It consumes over 50% of the total oxygen and glucose transported across it

42
Q

Is the placenta solely responsible for foetal homeostasis?

A

No

43
Q

What else is responsible for foetal homeostasis?

A
  • Foetal liver
  • Foetal endocrine glands
  • Foetal kidneys
44
Q

What is the role of the foetal liver in homeostasis?

A

It produces albumin, red cells, and clotting factors

45
Q

What is the role of the foetal endocrine glands in homeostasis?

A

They produce thyroid hormone, insulin, and corticosteroids

46
Q

From what gestation do the foetal endocrine glands start to produce hormones?

A

12 weeks

47
Q

What is the role of the foetal kidneys in homeostasis?

A

They excrete large volumes of dilute urine

48
Q

At what gestation to the foetal kidneys begin to excrete dilute urine?

A

10-11 weeks

49
Q

What is the importance of the foetal urine?

A

It contributes to amniotic fluid volume

TAS Perinatal Medicine ✅ (16 decks)

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