Temporary Biology Cards Flashcards
Test for sugar
______ reagent is used to test for sugars
Benedict’s reagent - test for sugars
Sugars classed as _______ sugars will react with ______ solution on heating for a few mins. _______ is an example of a _______ sugar.
reducing sugars, Benedict’s solution
Glucose is a reducing sugar
Reducing sugars give a ___-_____ colour precipitate with Benedict’s solution.
If there’s not much glucose present, the final colour may be ______ or ______, or if there’s a little more it’ll be ______.
red-brown colour
green or yellow, orange if there’s more
Hazards for testing for sugar
- Wear ______ ______
- Benedict’s solution is an ________
- Avoid contact with ____ and ____
- Take care when heating in a boiling ____ ____
Wear safety goggles
Solution is an irritant
Skin and eyes
water bath
Test for starch
Add _______ solution to test for starch.
Iodine
Foods containing starch will turn a ____-_____ colour
The iodine test can also be used with a microscope to ____ starch _____ in plant cells.
blue-black
stain starch grains
Hazards for testing for starch
- Wear ______ ______
- Iodine solution is an _______
- Avoid contact with ____ and ____
Safety goggles
irritant
skin and eyes
Test for proteins
______ solution is used to detect _____ bonds in proteins.
Biuret solution, peptide bonds
Add Biuret solution A to a solution of the ____ being tested and ___ carefully. Then trickle a little Biuret solution __ down the ____ of the tube. Look for a _____ colouration where the solutions meet.
food, mix carefully
B, side
Purple colouration
If the solution turns _______, then protein is present.
Biuret is sometimes available as a _____ solution
purple
single solution
Hazards for test for protein
- Wear ______ _____
- Biuret solution A is _______
- Biuret solution B is an ______
- Avoid contact with ____ and _____
Safety goggles
A - Corrosive
B - Irritant
Skin and eyes
Test for fats
The _____ ___ test is used to detect _____ (aka fat)
Sudan III, lipids
Test for fats
Equal amounts of ____ and _____ are added to a test tube
Drops of ______ ___ are added and the test tube is _______
A ___-_____ layer forms on the _______ of the water
food and water
Sudan III, shaken
red-stained layer, surface
Test for fats Hazards
- Wear ______ ______
- Sudan III is ________ as it is dissolved in al_____
- Avoid contact with ____ and ____
Safety goggles
flammable, alcohol
skin and eyes
Alternative test for fats
The _______ test is an alternative test for lipids.
______ is added to a test tube containing crushed food
The liquid is poured into a second test tube containing _____, leaving any food _______ behind
A ______ liquid (or emulsion) indicates the presence of lipid in the food.
alternative
Ethanol is added
water. residue
cloudy
Alternative test for fats hazards
- Wear _____ ______
- Ethanol is _______
- Avoid contact with ____ and ____
safety goggles
Ethanol be flammable
skin and eyes
The circulatory system is made up of the…
- H_____
- ______ ______
- ______
Heart, Blood vessels and Blood
Humans and other mammals have a ______ circulatory system - two _____ joined together.
double circulatory system, two circuits
Circulatory system
1) In the first circuit, the heart pumps ________ blood to the ______ in the lungs to take in ______.
The ________ blood then returns to the heart.
deoxygenated blood –> alveoli in lungs —> turns in oxygenated blood and returns to heart
Circulatory system
2) In the second circuit, the heart pumps ______ blood to all the other _____ of the body.
Here, the blood gives up its _____ to ____ cells.
The ________ blood then returns to the _____ to be pumped out to the ____ again
oxygenated blood given to all other organs
Blood gives up oxygen to body cells
Blood now deoxygenated, returns to the heart to be pumped to the lungs again
Circulatory system
3) As it is pumped around the body, the blood also travels through blood _____ near _______ surfaces - including ____ (where it picks up food molecules and _____) and the _____ (where it is filtered and ____ is removed)
blood vessels near exchange surfaces
villi - food molecules and water are absorbed
Kidneys - blood filtered, urea removed
Chambers of the heart
The heart uses it’s four chambers (right and left ____ and _______ to pump blood around.
4 chambers - right and left atria and ventricles - to pump blood around
Valves
The heart has valves to make sure the blood flows in the right _______ and to prevent _________.
right direction, prevent backflow
Valves
When the ventricles contract, the valve to the atria ____ and the valves to the _____ vessels ____. This prevents ________.
ventricles contract - atria valves close, blood vessel valves open
prevents backflow
Blood flow in the heart
1) Blood flows into the two ____ from the ____ ____ and the _______ vein
two atria - from vena cava and pulmonary vein
Blood flow in the heart
2) The atria _____, pushing the blood into the _______
atria contract, blood in ventricles
Blood flow in the heart
3) The ventricles ______, forcing the blood into the ________ artery and ____, and ___ of the heart
ventricles contract, blood in pulmonary artery and aorta, pumped out of the heart
Blood flow in the heart
4) The blood then flows to the organs, including the lungs, through _____, and then returns through ____
arteries - carry bloody away
veins - carry blood in
Blood flow in the heart
5) The atria fill again and the whole cycle ______.
cycle repeats
Features of a heart
Left ventricles has a _____ wall. - It needs the greater _______ generated by the thicker _____ because it has to pump blood to the _____ _____
Right ventricle only has to pump blood to the ______
Left ventricle - thicker wall - greater pressure made - needs to pump blood to whole body
Right ventricles - only to the lungs
Features of a heart
The heart is made up of ______ muscles.
This muscle contains loads of _________ to provide them with ATP. This releases the _______ needed for the muscle to _______.
Cardiac muscles - contain lots of mitochondria, provides ATP, releases energy - needed for contraction
Features of a heart
Blood is supplied to the cardiac muscle by two ______ arteries, which branch from the base of the _____.
They allow the ______ and _______ needed for heart cells to respire to ______ through the thick walls of the heart
2 coronary arteries - supplies blood to cardiac muscle
branch from the base of the aorta
glucose and oxygen - needed for respiration
diffuse through the thick walls
Three main types of blood vessels
A_____ - These carry the blood ____ from the ____
C______ - These are involved in the _______ of _______ at the _____
_____ - These carry the blood __ the _____.
Arteries - Carry blood away from the heart
Capillaries - Involved in the exchange of materials at the tissues
Veins - Carry blood to the heart
Arteries
The heart pumps the blood out at ___ pressure, so the artery walls are _____ and _____
The walls are thick compared to the _____.
high pressure, artery walls are strong and elastic
lumen
The lumen is just the ____ down the middle of the vein.
hole
Arteries
They contain thick layers of _____ to make them _____, and the _____ ______ allow them to _____ and spring back.
thick layers of muscle - strong
elastic fibres - stretch and spring back
Capillaries
___ in size.
Network of capillaries in tissue are called _______ ____
Capillaries carry the blood really close to every ____ in the body to _______ ______ with them.
Capillaries
Tiny in size
Capillary beds
close to every cell - exchange substances with them
Capillaries
________ walls, so substances can ____ in and out
Supply ____ and ___, and take away waste like ____
Walls are usually ___ ____ thick. Increases the rate of _______ by decreasing the _______ over which it occurs.
Permeable walls, diffuse
food and oxygen, waste, CO2
Walls - one cell thick, increases diffusion, decreases distance
Veins
1) ___ pressure blood so walls don’t need to be as ____ as artery walls
2) Bigger _____ than arteries to help blood ____ despite low pressure
Low pressure blood, thick
Bigger lumen - helps blood flow
Veins
Have ____ to help keep the blood flowing in the right _______
Valves - blood flow in right direction
The circulatory system transports _______, such as oxygen, around the body in the ________. It links together all the other ______ in the body.
transports substances, bloodstream, systems
Neurones
Neurones (nerve cells) transmit _______ rapidly as ______ ______
information, electrical impulses
Neurones
Electrical ______ are passed along the ____ (long part) of a neurone.
Electrical implulses, axon
Neurones
Some axons are surrounded by a fatty ____ _____. This acts as an _______ ______, which _____ ____ the impulse.
fatty myelin sheath - electrical insulator - speeds up impulses
Neurones
Neurones are ____, which also speeds up the impulse
(connecting with another neurone ____ down the impulse, so one long neurone is much ______ than lots of short ones joined together)
long - also speeds up impulses
slows down, quicker
Neurones
The tiny gap between two neurones is called the ______
- The electrical impulse triggers the release of _______ _______, which ______ across the synapse
- These chemicals bind to _______ ______ in the membrane of the ____ neurone. This sets off a new _______ ______, and thus the signal is carried.
Synapse
transmitter chemicals, diffuse
bind to receptor molecules, next neurone
new electrical impulse
The eye is a _____ organ which contains _______ that are sensitive to ____ intensity and ______.
Eye - Sense organ - receptors sensitive to light intensity and colour
Cornea
The CORNEA is the ________ outer layer found at the ____ of the eye. It ______ (bends) ____ into the eye.
Cornea - Transparent outer later, front of the eye
Refracts light
Iris
The IRIS contains ______ that allow it to control the ______ of the pupil (the hole in the middle) and therefore how much _____ enters the eye.
Iris - Contains muscles - Controls diameter of pupils, so controls how much light enters
Lens
The lens also _______ light, focusing it onto the _____ (which contains _______ ____ sensitive to _____).
Lens - Refracts light - Focuses it onto retina
Retina - contains receptor cells - sensitive to light
The shape of the lens is controlled by the c_____ ______ and _________ _________
Ciliary muscles, Suspensory ligaments
The ______ nerve carries _______ from the ______ on the retina to the ______.
OPTIC NERVA - carries impulses
retina receptor —> brain
Iris Reflex - Adjusting for bright light
Very bright light can damage the ______ - so you have reflex to protect it.
Bright light - damages retina
reflex - protects too much damage being caused
Iris Reflex
1) When light ______ in the eye detect very bright ____, a ____ is triggered to make the pupil _____.
The _______ _______ in the iris ______ and the r______ _______ ______. This ______ the amount of ____ that can enter the eye
Bright light - Circular muscles contract, Radial muscles relax - reduces amount of light that can enter (Pupil gets smaller)
Iris reflex
2) In dim light, the radial muscles _____, and the circular muscles _____, which makes the pupil _____, allowing for more ____ to enter.
Dim light - Radial contract, Circular relaxes - Makes pupil wider - More light can enter
Investigate reflex actions
You can investigate the reflex actions by ________ the lights and timing how ___ it takes for your pupils to ____. When you turn up the lights, you can see the pupils _____ to normal as the ______ muscles in the iris ______.
dimming the lights, timing how long it takes, pupils to widen, pupils return to normal, circular muscles in the iris contract
Focusing on near and distant objects - another reflex
The eye focuses light on the ______ by changing the _____ of the ____ - this is know as ___________
focus light on retina - changes the shape of the lens - accomodation
To look at near objects
1) The _______ muscles _______, which ______ the ________ _______
2) The lens becomes ___ (more ______)
3) This increases the amount by which it _______ _____.
Ciliary muscles contract - slackens suspensory ligaments
lens become fat (more curved).
Increases the amount by which it refracts light
To look at distant objects
1) The _______ muscles _____, which allows the _______ ________ to pull _____
2) This makes the ____ go ____ (less _____).
3) So it ______ _____ by a ______ amount
Ciliary muscles relax - Suspensory ligaments pull tight
Lens go thin - less curved
Refracts light by a smaller amount
Balancing water content
1) Body cells are surrounded by a fluid called ______ _____. It’s squeezed out of the _____ ______ to supply the _____ with everything they need.
Body cells - Surrounded by tissue fluid - squeezed out of capillies to supply cells with everything they need
Balancing water content
2) The tissue fluid will usually have a different _______ to the fluid ____ a cell. This means that water will either move _____ a cell from the _____ fluid, or ____ of the cell, by _______.
Tissue fluid - different conc - compared to fluid in cells
Water either move into cell, or out of cell via osmosis
Balancing water content
- If there are more water molecules in the ______ fluid than in the cell, there will be a net movement of water ____ the cell via _______.
If too much water moves into the cell, then the cell may _____ - this is called ____.
More water in tissue fluid - water moves into cell via osmosis
Too much water goes to cell - cell may burst - Lysis
Balancing water content
- If there are fewer water molecules in the tissue fluid than in the cell, there will be a net movement of water ____ __ the cell and into the ______ _____. This causes the cell to ______
Less water in tissue fluid - water moves out of cell and into tissue fluid - Causes cells to shrink
Balancing water content
- If the concentration of water molecules in the _____ fluid and the cell are roughly the same, the cell will stay the ____.
Concentration same on tissue fluid and cell - cell remains the same size - no change
Balancing water content
It’s really important that the water content of the _____ (and therefore of the ______ _____) is _______ to keep cells ________ normally.
Water content of the blood , tissue fluid, controlled to keep cells functioning normally
Kidneys help balance water content
1) Kidneys control how much _____ is lost in ____ by varying the ______ of _____ produced and how _______ it is.
Kidneys - Controls water lost in Kidneys, varies the volume of urine made - and how concentrated it is
Kidneys help balance water content
2) The Kidneys also help to get rid of ______ and control the levels of other ______ in the body
3) They have millions of little structures inside called _____ ______
Kidneys - get rid of waste - controls levels of other substances in the body
Little structures - Kidney tubules
Urine is formed in the _____
Blood flows through the _______ at ____ pressure and _____ molecules including water, ____, salt and urea are ______ out into the ______.
The liquid then flows along the ______ and ______ substances are ________ _______.
Urine - formed in the Tubules
Blood flows through glomerulus at high pressure - small molecules (water, sugar, salt, urea) are filtered out into the capsule
Liquid flows through the tubule - Useful substances are selectively reasbsorbed
Useful substances are selectively reabsorbed
- All the _____ is reabsorbed
- Sufficient ____ is reabsorbed. _______ salt isn’t
- Sufficient ______ is reabsorbed, according to the level of the hormone ____. This helps to keep the blood _____ at the correct _______ to prevent cell ____ or ________
All sugar reabsorbed
Sufficient salt reabsorbed - Excess salt isn’t
Sufficient water reabsorbed - According to level of hormone ADH - Keeps the blood plasma at correct conc - prevents cell lysis (bursting) or shrinkage
Whatever isn’t reabsorbed forms ____, which is excreted by the ______ and stored in the _______.
Urine, excreted by kidneys, stored in the bladder
Concentration of urine
The concentration of urine is controlled by a _______ called ___-______ hormone (____). This is released into the _______ by the ________ ______.
Conc of urine - controlled by anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
Released into bloodstream - by the pituitary gland
Concentration of urine
The _______ contains r_______ that are sensitive to the ______ content of the ______.
The hypothalamus _______ the information it receives from these _______ and instructs the ________ ____ to release ____ into the ____ according to how much is _____.
Hypothalamus - Contains receptors sens to water cont of blood
Hypothalamus - Processes info from receptors - tells pituitary gland to secrete ADH to the blood, accord to how much is needed
ADH makes the kidney _____ more ________ so that more ____ is ________ back into the blood,
ADH - Makes kidney tubules more permeable - more water reabsorbed back into blood
Process of water regulation is controlled by _______ ______. This means that if the water content gets too ___ or too ___, a _______ will be triggered that brings it back to ______.
Water regulation - Controlled by negative feedback
Water too high or too low - mechanism triggered to bring levels back to normal
Water loss
1) _________ detects water loss
2) ______ ______ releases more ____
3) ADH makes k_____ ______ more ____
4) Person is now ______
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland, ADH
kidneys reabsorb, more water
hydrated
Water loss
1) _________ detects water loss
2) ______ ______ releases more ____
3) ADH makes k_____ ______ more ____
4) Person is now ______
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland, more ADH
kidneys reabsorb, more water
hydrated
Water gain
1) __________ detects water gain
2) _______ _____ releases ____ ADH
3) Less ADH means ______ reabsorb ___ _____
4) Person is now ______
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland, less ADH
kidneys reabsorb, less water
hydrated
Using _______ feedback, the amount of _____ in your body can be closely _______.
The more water your kidneys reabsorb, the less _____ will pass out as _____ - so a smaller ______ of ____ is produced
Your kidneys will still ______ all the _____ products they need though, so your urine will be more ______ (has same amount of ________ but less ______).
negative feedback, water, closely controlled/regulated
more water reabsorbed by kidneys, less water will pass out as urine - smaller volume of urine
Kidneys still excrete waste products, urine will be more concentrated (same amount of substa, but less water).
The volume and ________ of urine depends on the ____ content of the ______. This can vary with _______ challenges.
volume and conc or urine - depends on water content of blood
varies with osmotic challenges
Osmotic challenges that affect urine
________ and dehydration - losing more water than you take in causes ________. This can happen when it’s ___ or when you _______ (which makes you hot) because you _____ more.
Sweat contains water, so sweat causes water _____.
Sweating and dehydration - losing more water than taken in - causes dehydration
Happens when it’s hot or when you exercise, sweat more
Sweat has water - causes water loss
Sweat causes water loss
- Water loss is detected by _______ in the _________
- The hypothalamus _______ this change and instructs the ______ ______ to secrete more _____
- This makes the kidneys ________ more ______, so the _____ content of the blood _____ and only a small _____ of _________ urine is produced
- Hypothalamus detects water loss
- Hypo processes this, tells Pituitary gland to secrete more ADH
- Kidneys reabsorb more water, water content of blood +++, small volume of concentrated urine is produced only
The brain also triggers feelings of _____ when you are dehydrated. This makes you want to ____ more, which helps restore ______ _______ in the body.
Brain - triggers feelings of thirst
- Makes you drink more - helps restore water balance
Osmotic challenges
_____ water intake - receptors in the _______ detect an ______ in blood ____ content and the _____ ______ secretes ____ ADH.
The kidneys reabsorb ___ water, so lots of ____ urine will be produced - this ____ the blood _____ content.
Excess water intake, hypothalamus, increase in blood water content, pituitary gland secretes less ADH.
kidneys less water, dilute urine produced - lowers blood water content
Microscopes use _____ to magnify images (make them look ____). They also increase the _______ of an image (the _____ in which it can be seen).
lens - magnify images - make them look bigger
Increase res - res is the detail of an image
Microscope technology has _______ over time, allowing new _______ to be made
developed over time, new observations
Light microscopes were invented in the _____. They work by passing _____ through the specimen. They let us see things like ____ and ________ and we can use them to study ______ cells.
Light Microscopes - Made 1590s - pass light through specimen - see things like nuclei, chloroplasts - living cells can be used
Electron microscopes were invented in the ____. They use ______ rather than light. Electron microscopes have higher ________ and _______ than light microscopes, so they let us see much ______ things in more _______ like the ______ structure of mitochondria and chloroplasts
Electron Microscopes - Made 1930s - use electrons - have higher magnification and res - allows much smaller things to be seen in more detail - eg internal structure of chloroplasts or mitochondria
Benefit of electron microscopes
Given us a much greater ________ of how cells ____. E.g. it’s allowed scientists to develop explanations about how the ______ structures of mitochondria and chloroplasts relate to their _______ in respiration and ________.
However, electron microscopes can’t be used to view _______ ____.
Greater understanding of how cells work.
E.g explanations of internal structures of mito and chloro and their relation to respiration and photosynthesis
Living cells is a no for electron microscopes
Specimen and organisms being viewed under a light microscope can be _____ with _____ or other solutions to make them easier to ____.
stained, iodine, easier to see
Magnification is how many times _____ the image is.
bigger
Total magnification formula
Total magnification = ________ ____ magnification x ________ ____ magnification
Total magnification = Eyepiece lens magnification x Objective lens magnification
If you don’t know which lenses were used, you can still work out the magnification of an image as long as you measure the ______ and know the actual ____ of the specimen. This is the formula you need
Magnification = _______ size/_______ size
Rearranged
Measured size = ________ x _______ _____
measure the image, actual size of the specimen
Magnification = Measured size/ Actual size
Measured size = Magnification x Actual size
Important units and conversions for microscopy
Unit In standard form:
Millimetre (mm) x ____ m
_______ (___) x ____ m
Nanometre (___) x ____ m
________ (___) x ____ m
Millimetre (mm) x10^-3
Micrometre (µm) x10^-6
Nanometre (nm) x10^-9
Picometre (pm) x10^-12
