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Biology Flashcards - OCR 21st Century > Temporary Biology Cards > Flashcards

Temporary Biology Cards Flashcards

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1
Q

Test for sugar

______ reagent is used to test for sugars

A

Benedict’s reagent - test for sugars

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2
Q

Sugars classed as _______ sugars will react with ______ solution on heating for a few mins. _______ is an example of a _______ sugar.

A

reducing sugars, Benedict’s solution

Glucose is a reducing sugar

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3
Q

Reducing sugars give a ___-_____ colour precipitate with Benedict’s solution.

If there’s not much glucose present, the final colour may be ______ or ______, or if there’s a little more it’ll be ______.

A

red-brown colour

green or yellow, orange if there’s more

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4
Q

Hazards for testing for sugar

  • Wear ______ ______
  • Benedict’s solution is an ________
  • Avoid contact with ____ and ____
  • Take care when heating in a boiling ____ ____
A

Wear safety goggles
Solution is an irritant
Skin and eyes
water bath

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5
Q

Test for starch

Add _______ solution to test for starch.

A

Iodine

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6
Q

Foods containing starch will turn a ____-_____ colour

The iodine test can also be used with a microscope to ____ starch _____ in plant cells.

A

blue-black

stain starch grains

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7
Q

Hazards for testing for starch

  • Wear ______ ______
  • Iodine solution is an _______
  • Avoid contact with ____ and ____
A

Safety goggles
irritant
skin and eyes

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8
Q

Test for proteins

______ solution is used to detect _____ bonds in proteins.

A

Biuret solution, peptide bonds

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9
Q

Add Biuret solution A to a solution of the ____ being tested and ___ carefully. Then trickle a little Biuret solution __ down the ____ of the tube. Look for a _____ colouration where the solutions meet.

A

food, mix carefully
B, side
Purple colouration

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10
Q

If the solution turns _______, then protein is present.

Biuret is sometimes available as a _____ solution

A

purple

single solution

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11
Q

Hazards for test for protein

  • Wear ______ _____
  • Biuret solution A is _______
  • Biuret solution B is an ______
  • Avoid contact with ____ and _____
A

Safety goggles
A - Corrosive
B - Irritant
Skin and eyes

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12
Q

Test for fats

The _____ ___ test is used to detect _____ (aka fat)

A

Sudan III, lipids

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13
Q

Test for fats

Equal amounts of ____ and _____ are added to a test tube

Drops of ______ ___ are added and the test tube is _______

A ___-_____ layer forms on the _______ of the water

A

food and water

Sudan III, shaken

red-stained layer, surface

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14
Q

Test for fats Hazards

  • Wear ______ ______
  • Sudan III is ________ as it is dissolved in al_____
  • Avoid contact with ____ and ____
A

Safety goggles
flammable, alcohol
skin and eyes

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15
Q

Alternative test for fats

The _______ test is an alternative test for lipids.

______ is added to a test tube containing crushed food

The liquid is poured into a second test tube containing _____, leaving any food _______ behind

A ______ liquid (or emulsion) indicates the presence of lipid in the food.

A

alternative

Ethanol is added

water. residue

cloudy

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16
Q

Alternative test for fats hazards

  • Wear _____ ______
  • Ethanol is _______
  • Avoid contact with ____ and ____
A

safety goggles
Ethanol be flammable
skin and eyes

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17
Q

The circulatory system is made up of the…

  • H_____
  • ______ ______
  • ______
A

Heart, Blood vessels and Blood

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18
Q

Humans and other mammals have a ______ circulatory system - two _____ joined together.

A

double circulatory system, two circuits

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19
Q

Circulatory system

1) In the first circuit, the heart pumps ________ blood to the ______ in the lungs to take in ______.
The ________ blood then returns to the heart.

A

deoxygenated blood –> alveoli in lungs —> turns in oxygenated blood and returns to heart

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20
Q

Circulatory system

2) In the second circuit, the heart pumps ______ blood to all the other _____ of the body.
Here, the blood gives up its _____ to ____ cells.
The ________ blood then returns to the _____ to be pumped out to the ____ again

A

oxygenated blood given to all other organs
Blood gives up oxygen to body cells
Blood now deoxygenated, returns to the heart to be pumped to the lungs again

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21
Q

Circulatory system

3) As it is pumped around the body, the blood also travels through blood _____ near _______ surfaces - including ____ (where it picks up food molecules and _____) and the _____ (where it is filtered and ____ is removed)

A

blood vessels near exchange surfaces
villi - food molecules and water are absorbed
Kidneys - blood filtered, urea removed

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22
Q

Chambers of the heart

The heart uses it’s four chambers (right and left ____ and _______ to pump blood around.

A

4 chambers - right and left atria and ventricles - to pump blood around

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23
Q

Valves

The heart has valves to make sure the blood flows in the right _______ and to prevent _________.

A

right direction, prevent backflow

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24
Q

Valves

When the ventricles contract, the valve to the atria ____ and the valves to the _____ vessels ____. This prevents ________.

A

ventricles contract - atria valves close, blood vessel valves open

prevents backflow

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25
Q

Blood flow in the heart

1) Blood flows into the two ____ from the ____ ____ and the _______ vein

A

two atria - from vena cava and pulmonary vein

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26
Q

Blood flow in the heart

2) The atria _____, pushing the blood into the _______

A

atria contract, blood in ventricles

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27
Q

Blood flow in the heart

3) The ventricles ______, forcing the blood into the ________ artery and ____, and ___ of the heart

A

ventricles contract, blood in pulmonary artery and aorta, pumped out of the heart

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28
Q

Blood flow in the heart

4) The blood then flows to the organs, including the lungs, through _____, and then returns through ____

A

arteries - carry bloody away

veins - carry blood in

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29
Q

Blood flow in the heart

5) The atria fill again and the whole cycle ______.

A

cycle repeats

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30
Q

Features of a heart

Left ventricles has a _____ wall. - It needs the greater _______ generated by the thicker _____ because it has to pump blood to the _____ _____

Right ventricle only has to pump blood to the ______

A

Left ventricle - thicker wall - greater pressure made - needs to pump blood to whole body

Right ventricles - only to the lungs

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31
Q

Features of a heart

The heart is made up of ______ muscles.
This muscle contains loads of _________ to provide them with ATP. This releases the _______ needed for the muscle to _______.

A

Cardiac muscles - contain lots of mitochondria, provides ATP, releases energy - needed for contraction

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32
Q

Features of a heart

Blood is supplied to the cardiac muscle by two ______ arteries, which branch from the base of the _____.
They allow the ______ and _______ needed for heart cells to respire to ______ through the thick walls of the heart

A

2 coronary arteries - supplies blood to cardiac muscle
branch from the base of the aorta
glucose and oxygen - needed for respiration
diffuse through the thick walls

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33
Q

Three main types of blood vessels

A_____ - These carry the blood ____ from the ____
C______ - These are involved in the _______ of _______ at the _____
_____ - These carry the blood __ the _____.

A

Arteries - Carry blood away from the heart
Capillaries - Involved in the exchange of materials at the tissues
Veins - Carry blood to the heart

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34
Q

Arteries

The heart pumps the blood out at ___ pressure, so the artery walls are _____ and _____

The walls are thick compared to the _____.

A

high pressure, artery walls are strong and elastic

lumen

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35
Q

The lumen is just the ____ down the middle of the vein.

A

hole

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36
Q

Arteries

They contain thick layers of _____ to make them _____, and the _____ ______ allow them to _____ and spring back.

A

thick layers of muscle - strong

elastic fibres - stretch and spring back

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37
Q

Capillaries

___ in size.

Network of capillaries in tissue are called _______ ____

Capillaries carry the blood really close to every ____ in the body to _______ ______ with them.

A

Capillaries

Tiny in size

Capillary beds

close to every cell - exchange substances with them

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38
Q

Capillaries

________ walls, so substances can ____ in and out

Supply ____ and ___, and take away waste like ____

Walls are usually ___ ____ thick. Increases the rate of _______ by decreasing the _______ over which it occurs.

A

Permeable walls, diffuse

food and oxygen, waste, CO2

Walls - one cell thick, increases diffusion, decreases distance

39
Q

Veins

1) ___ pressure blood so walls don’t need to be as ____ as artery walls
2) Bigger _____ than arteries to help blood ____ despite low pressure

A

Low pressure blood, thick

Bigger lumen - helps blood flow

40
Q

Veins

Have ____ to help keep the blood flowing in the right _______

A

Valves - blood flow in right direction

41
Q

The circulatory system transports _______, such as oxygen, around the body in the ________. It links together all the other ______ in the body.

A

transports substances, bloodstream, systems

42
Q

Neurones

Neurones (nerve cells) transmit _______ rapidly as ______ ______

A

information, electrical impulses

43
Q

Neurones

Electrical ______ are passed along the ____ (long part) of a neurone.

A

Electrical implulses, axon

44
Q

Neurones

Some axons are surrounded by a fatty ____ _____. This acts as an _______ ______, which _____ ____ the impulse.

A

fatty myelin sheath - electrical insulator - speeds up impulses

45
Q

Neurones

Neurones are ____, which also speeds up the impulse

(connecting with another neurone ____ down the impulse, so one long neurone is much ______ than lots of short ones joined together)

A

long - also speeds up impulses

slows down, quicker

46
Q

Neurones

The tiny gap between two neurones is called the ______

  • The electrical impulse triggers the release of _______ _______, which ______ across the synapse
  • These chemicals bind to _______ ______ in the membrane of the ____ neurone. This sets off a new _______ ______, and thus the signal is carried.
A

Synapse

transmitter chemicals, diffuse

bind to receptor molecules, next neurone
new electrical impulse

47
Q

The eye is a _____ organ which contains _______ that are sensitive to ____ intensity and ______.

A

Eye - Sense organ - receptors sensitive to light intensity and colour

48
Q

Cornea

The CORNEA is the ________ outer layer found at the ____ of the eye. It ______ (bends) ____ into the eye.

A

Cornea - Transparent outer later, front of the eye

Refracts light

49
Q

Iris

The IRIS contains ______ that allow it to control the ______ of the pupil (the hole in the middle) and therefore how much _____ enters the eye.

A

Iris - Contains muscles - Controls diameter of pupils, so controls how much light enters

50
Q

Lens

The lens also _______ light, focusing it onto the _____ (which contains _______ ____ sensitive to _____).

A

Lens - Refracts light - Focuses it onto retina

Retina - contains receptor cells - sensitive to light

51
Q

The shape of the lens is controlled by the c_____ ______ and _________ _________

A

Ciliary muscles, Suspensory ligaments

52
Q

The ______ nerve carries _______ from the ______ on the retina to the ______.

A

OPTIC NERVA - carries impulses

retina receptor —> brain

53
Q

Iris Reflex - Adjusting for bright light

Very bright light can damage the ______ - so you have reflex to protect it.

A

Bright light - damages retina

reflex - protects too much damage being caused

54
Q

Iris Reflex

1) When light ______ in the eye detect very bright ____, a ____ is triggered to make the pupil _____.
The _______ _______ in the iris ______ and the r______ _______ ______. This ______ the amount of ____ that can enter the eye

A

Bright light - Circular muscles contract, Radial muscles relax - reduces amount of light that can enter (Pupil gets smaller)

55
Q

Iris reflex

2) In dim light, the radial muscles _____, and the circular muscles _____, which makes the pupil _____, allowing for more ____ to enter.

A

Dim light - Radial contract, Circular relaxes - Makes pupil wider - More light can enter

56
Q

Investigate reflex actions

You can investigate the reflex actions by ________ the lights and timing how ___ it takes for your pupils to ____. When you turn up the lights, you can see the pupils _____ to normal as the ______ muscles in the iris ______.

A

dimming the lights, timing how long it takes, pupils to widen, pupils return to normal, circular muscles in the iris contract

57
Q

Focusing on near and distant objects - another reflex

The eye focuses light on the ______ by changing the _____ of the ____ - this is know as ___________

A

focus light on retina - changes the shape of the lens - accomodation

58
Q

To look at near objects

1) The _______ muscles _______, which ______ the ________ _______
2) The lens becomes ___ (more ______)
3) This increases the amount by which it _______ _____.

A

Ciliary muscles contract - slackens suspensory ligaments

lens become fat (more curved).

Increases the amount by which it refracts light

59
Q

To look at distant objects

1) The _______ muscles _____, which allows the _______ ________ to pull _____
2) This makes the ____ go ____ (less _____).
3) So it ______ _____ by a ______ amount

A

Ciliary muscles relax - Suspensory ligaments pull tight

Lens go thin - less curved

Refracts light by a smaller amount

60
Q

Balancing water content

1) Body cells are surrounded by a fluid called ______ _____. It’s squeezed out of the _____ ______ to supply the _____ with everything they need.

A

Body cells - Surrounded by tissue fluid - squeezed out of capillies to supply cells with everything they need

61
Q

Balancing water content

2) The tissue fluid will usually have a different _______ to the fluid ____ a cell. This means that water will either move _____ a cell from the _____ fluid, or ____ of the cell, by _______.

A

Tissue fluid - different conc - compared to fluid in cells

Water either move into cell, or out of cell via osmosis

62
Q

Balancing water content

  • If there are more water molecules in the ______ fluid than in the cell, there will be a net movement of water ____ the cell via _______.
    If too much water moves into the cell, then the cell may _____ - this is called ____.
A

More water in tissue fluid - water moves into cell via osmosis

Too much water goes to cell - cell may burst - Lysis

63
Q

Balancing water content

  • If there are fewer water molecules in the tissue fluid than in the cell, there will be a net movement of water ____ __ the cell and into the ______ _____. This causes the cell to ______
A

Less water in tissue fluid - water moves out of cell and into tissue fluid - Causes cells to shrink

64
Q

Balancing water content

  • If the concentration of water molecules in the _____ fluid and the cell are roughly the same, the cell will stay the ____.
A

Concentration same on tissue fluid and cell - cell remains the same size - no change

65
Q

Balancing water content

It’s really important that the water content of the _____ (and therefore of the ______ _____) is _______ to keep cells ________ normally.

A

Water content of the blood , tissue fluid, controlled to keep cells functioning normally

66
Q

Kidneys help balance water content

1) Kidneys control how much _____ is lost in ____ by varying the ______ of _____ produced and how _______ it is.

A

Kidneys - Controls water lost in Kidneys, varies the volume of urine made - and how concentrated it is

67
Q

Kidneys help balance water content

2) The Kidneys also help to get rid of ______ and control the levels of other ______ in the body
3) They have millions of little structures inside called _____ ______

A

Kidneys - get rid of waste - controls levels of other substances in the body

Little structures - Kidney tubules

68
Q

Urine is formed in the _____

Blood flows through the _______ at ____ pressure and _____ molecules including water, ____, salt and urea are ______ out into the ______.

The liquid then flows along the ______ and ______ substances are ________ _______.

A

Urine - formed in the Tubules

Blood flows through glomerulus at high pressure - small molecules (water, sugar, salt, urea) are filtered out into the capsule

Liquid flows through the tubule - Useful substances are selectively reasbsorbed

69
Q

Useful substances are selectively reabsorbed

  • All the _____ is reabsorbed
  • Sufficient ____ is reabsorbed. _______ salt isn’t
  • Sufficient ______ is reabsorbed, according to the level of the hormone ____. This helps to keep the blood _____ at the correct _______ to prevent cell ____ or ________
A

All sugar reabsorbed

Sufficient salt reabsorbed - Excess salt isn’t

Sufficient water reabsorbed - According to level of hormone ADH - Keeps the blood plasma at correct conc - prevents cell lysis (bursting) or shrinkage

70
Q

Whatever isn’t reabsorbed forms ____, which is excreted by the ______ and stored in the _______.

A

Urine, excreted by kidneys, stored in the bladder

71
Q

Concentration of urine

The concentration of urine is controlled by a _______ called ___-______ hormone (____). This is released into the _______ by the ________ ______.

A

Conc of urine - controlled by anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

Released into bloodstream - by the pituitary gland

72
Q

Concentration of urine

The _______ contains r_______ that are sensitive to the ______ content of the ______.
The hypothalamus _______ the information it receives from these _______ and instructs the ________ ____ to release ____ into the ____ according to how much is _____.

A

Hypothalamus - Contains receptors sens to water cont of blood

Hypothalamus - Processes info from receptors - tells pituitary gland to secrete ADH to the blood, accord to how much is needed

73
Q

ADH makes the kidney _____ more ________ so that more ____ is ________ back into the blood,

A

ADH - Makes kidney tubules more permeable - more water reabsorbed back into blood

74
Q

Process of water regulation is controlled by _______ ______. This means that if the water content gets too ___ or too ___, a _______ will be triggered that brings it back to ______.

A

Water regulation - Controlled by negative feedback

Water too high or too low - mechanism triggered to bring levels back to normal

75
Q

Water loss

1) _________ detects water loss
2) ______ ______ releases more ____
3) ADH makes k_____ ______ more ____
4) Person is now ______

A

Hypothalamus

Pituitary gland, ADH

kidneys reabsorb, more water

hydrated

76
Q

Water loss

1) _________ detects water loss
2) ______ ______ releases more ____
3) ADH makes k_____ ______ more ____
4) Person is now ______

A

Hypothalamus

Pituitary gland, more ADH

kidneys reabsorb, more water

hydrated

77
Q

Water gain

1) __________ detects water gain
2) _______ _____ releases ____ ADH
3) Less ADH means ______ reabsorb ___ _____
4) Person is now ______

A

Hypothalamus

Pituitary gland, less ADH

kidneys reabsorb, less water

hydrated

78
Q

Using _______ feedback, the amount of _____ in your body can be closely _______.

The more water your kidneys reabsorb, the less _____ will pass out as _____ - so a smaller ______ of ____ is produced

Your kidneys will still ______ all the _____ products they need though, so your urine will be more ______ (has same amount of ________ but less ______).

A

negative feedback, water, closely controlled/regulated

more water reabsorbed by kidneys, less water will pass out as urine - smaller volume of urine

Kidneys still excrete waste products, urine will be more concentrated (same amount of substa, but less water).

79
Q

The volume and ________ of urine depends on the ____ content of the ______. This can vary with _______ challenges.

A

volume and conc or urine - depends on water content of blood

varies with osmotic challenges

80
Q

Osmotic challenges that affect urine

________ and dehydration - losing more water than you take in causes ________. This can happen when it’s ___ or when you _______ (which makes you hot) because you _____ more.

Sweat contains water, so sweat causes water _____.

A

Sweating and dehydration - losing more water than taken in - causes dehydration

Happens when it’s hot or when you exercise, sweat more

Sweat has water - causes water loss

81
Q

Sweat causes water loss

  • Water loss is detected by _______ in the _________
  • The hypothalamus _______ this change and instructs the ______ ______ to secrete more _____
  • This makes the kidneys ________ more ______, so the _____ content of the blood _____ and only a small _____ of _________ urine is produced
A
  • Hypothalamus detects water loss
  • Hypo processes this, tells Pituitary gland to secrete more ADH
  • Kidneys reabsorb more water, water content of blood +++, small volume of concentrated urine is produced only
82
Q

The brain also triggers feelings of _____ when you are dehydrated. This makes you want to ____ more, which helps restore ______ _______ in the body.

A

Brain - triggers feelings of thirst

- Makes you drink more - helps restore water balance

83
Q

Osmotic challenges

_____ water intake - receptors in the _______ detect an ______ in blood ____ content and the _____ ______ secretes ____ ADH.
The kidneys reabsorb ___ water, so lots of ____ urine will be produced - this ____ the blood _____ content.

A

Excess water intake, hypothalamus, increase in blood water content, pituitary gland secretes less ADH.

kidneys less water, dilute urine produced - lowers blood water content

84
Q

Microscopes use _____ to magnify images (make them look ____). They also increase the _______ of an image (the _____ in which it can be seen).

A

lens - magnify images - make them look bigger

Increase res - res is the detail of an image

85
Q

Microscope technology has _______ over time, allowing new _______ to be made

A

developed over time, new observations

86
Q

Light microscopes were invented in the _____. They work by passing _____ through the specimen. They let us see things like ____ and ________ and we can use them to study ______ cells.

A

Light Microscopes - Made 1590s - pass light through specimen - see things like nuclei, chloroplasts - living cells can be used

87
Q

Electron microscopes were invented in the ____. They use ______ rather than light. Electron microscopes have higher ________ and _______ than light microscopes, so they let us see much ______ things in more _______ like the ______ structure of mitochondria and chloroplasts

A

Electron Microscopes - Made 1930s - use electrons - have higher magnification and res - allows much smaller things to be seen in more detail - eg internal structure of chloroplasts or mitochondria

88
Q

Benefit of electron microscopes

Given us a much greater ________ of how cells ____. E.g. it’s allowed scientists to develop explanations about how the ______ structures of mitochondria and chloroplasts relate to their _______ in respiration and ________.

However, electron microscopes can’t be used to view _______ ____.

A

Greater understanding of how cells work.

E.g explanations of internal structures of mito and chloro and their relation to respiration and photosynthesis

Living cells is a no for electron microscopes

89
Q

Specimen and organisms being viewed under a light microscope can be _____ with _____ or other solutions to make them easier to ____.

A

stained, iodine, easier to see

90
Q

Magnification is how many times _____ the image is.

A

bigger

91
Q

Total magnification formula

Total magnification = ________ ____ magnification x ________ ____ magnification

A

Total magnification = Eyepiece lens magnification x Objective lens magnification

92
Q

If you don’t know which lenses were used, you can still work out the magnification of an image as long as you measure the ______ and know the actual ____ of the specimen. This is the formula you need

Magnification = _______ size/_______ size

Rearranged

Measured size = ________ x _______ _____

A

measure the image, actual size of the specimen

Magnification = Measured size/ Actual size

Measured size = Magnification x Actual size

93
Q

Important units and conversions for microscopy

Unit In standard form:
Millimetre (mm) x ____ m
_______ (___) x ____ m
Nanometre (___) x ____ m
________ (___) x ____ m

A

Millimetre (mm) x10^-3
Micrometre (µm) x10^-6
Nanometre (nm) x10^-9
Picometre (pm) x10^-12

Biology Flashcards - OCR 21st Century (11 decks)

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