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Biology Flashcards - OCR 21st Century > Biology Mock Exam 2021 > Flashcards

Biology Mock Exam 2021 Flashcards

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1
Q

Photosynthesis is a ______ reaction used by ______ to make _______ and ________ (products) from ______ _______ and _______ (reactants)

A

chemical, plants, glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water

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2
Q

Photosynthesis is an e_______ reaction - it uses/takes in _______ from the _________ in order to take place.

Specifically, photosynthesis takes in _______ from the ____. , through the _____ it emits

A

endothermic, energy, environment

energy, sun, light

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3
Q

The word and symbol equation for Photosynthesis is

_____ ______ + ______ —-> _______ + ________

__ ___ + __ ____ —-> ________ + __ ___

A

Carbon Dioxide + Water —-> Glucose + Oxygen

6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

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4
Q

The _____ from the ____ in photosynthesis is absorbed by a green ______ called ________ in the l_____.

________ is found in ________ in ______ cells.

A

light, sun, pigment, chlorophyll, leaves

Chlorophyll, chloroplasts, plant

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5
Q

The ______- ______ needed for photosynthesis comes from the ___ and enters the leaves through the ________.

A

carbon-dioxide, air, stomata

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6
Q

W_______ enters the plant through the ____, and is transported to the _____ in the ______.

A

Water, roots, leaves, xylem

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7
Q

Some of the _______ produced from photosynthesis is used during cellular ________, and some is converted to _______ to be ______.

Some of the ______ is also used to make larger, complex ________ that the plants need to ____ (e.g. Lipids, ______ and more). These make up the organisms _______.

A

glucose, respiration, starch, stored

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8
Q

Photosynthesis takes place in the __________. These contains the _______ that catalyse ________ in photosynthesis as well as ________, which is a green ______ that absorbs _____.

A

chloroplasts, enzymes, reactions, chlorophyll, pigment, light

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9
Q

The two stages of photosynthesis are

  • _____-_______ stage
  • _____-_________ stage
A

Light-dependent stage

Light-independent stage

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10
Q

The light-dependent stage is the _____ stage of photosynthesis where _____ is used to _____ water into _________ and ________.

The _______ is released as a _____ product and the ________ is carried off into the ________ stage (LID).

This stage requires ______ in order to take place

A

first, light, split, hydrogen, oxygen

oxygen, waste, hydrogen, second

light

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11
Q

The LID is the _______ stage of photosynthesis. This is when _______ _______ enters the cell which combines with the _________ molecules to form ________.

This stage does not require _____ in order to take place.

A

second, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, glucose

light

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12
Q

The 3 limiting factors of photosynthesis are

  • Amount of ______
  • Amount of ______ _______
  • __________
A

Light
Carbon Dioxide
Temperature

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13
Q

Light transfers the ______ needed for photosynthesis.

As light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis _______ until up to a ______ point - at this point, light is not a _______ factor - adding more light will make no _______ , so ____ and _______ may be responsible.

A

energy

increases, certain, limiting, difference/change, CO2 , temperature

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14
Q

It is important to use a _____ meter to get the most _______ results when plotting _____ intensity. Or you’ll have ti use the ______ square law as when distance _______, light intensity _______ .

A

light, accurate, light. inverse square law, increases, decreases

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15
Q

The formula for inverse square law is

_____ intensity = 1/___

A

Light intensity = 1/d2

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16
Q

Graph of Light intensity and rate of photosynthesis

Y Axis = ____ of photosynthesis

X Axis = _____ intensity

Graph is a _____ that gradually ______ until a certain _____ where it completely _______ out and becomes _______.

A

Y Axis = Rate of photosynthesis

X Axis = Light intensity

curve, increases, point, flattens, constant

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17
Q

____ Is one of the substances needed for photosynthesis.

Increasing CO2 will ______ the rate of _________, up till a _______ point where the graph _______ out and becomes ________ - CO2 is no longer a limiting ______, and so _____ and ________ may be responsible.

A

CO2

increase, photosynthesis, certain, flattens, constant, factor, light, temperature

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18
Q

Graph of level of CO2 (%) and rate of photosynthesis.

Y Axis = ____ of photosynthesis

X Axis = Level of ___ (%)

Graph is a _____ that gradually ______ until a certain _____ where it completely _______ out and becomes _______.

A

Y Axis = Rate of photosynthesis

X Axis = Level of CO2 (%)

curve, increases, point, flattens, constant

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19
Q

Temperature - If the temp is too low, there will be less _______ between enzymes and _______ which _____ the reaction.

If the temp is too high, the enzymes would have _______ so less ______ can take place which _______ the rate of photosynthesis.

There is an ideal, ______ temperature - this is the temperature at which the rate of _________ is at its ________.

A

collisions, substrates, slows

denatured, reactions, decreases

optimum, photosynthesis, highest

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20
Q

To summarise

Temp low - Enzymes ____
Temp high - Enzymes ______

Best rate - At _______ temp

A

slow
denatured

optimum

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21
Q

Enzymes are biological _______ - they ______ __ the rate of _______ reactions in the body.

They _______ reactions in both ______ and _______.

A

catalysts, speed up, chemical

catalyse, plants, animals

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22
Q

Every enzyme has an ______ site - the part of an enzyme which has a specific ______ which can only _______ a certain ________.

Enzymes usually only work for ___ specific type of ________. - other enzymes will not ___ in the ______ ____ and thus won’t be _______.

A

active, shape, catalyse, enzyme

one, enzyme, fit, active site, catalysed

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23
Q

Enzymes follow the ____ and ____ model - the ______ ____ shape allows only ____ specific type of _______ to be _______ - only this ______ can fit into the ______ site (like a ____ and a ___!)

A

lock and key model, active site’s, one, substrate, catalyses, substrate, active site, lock and a key

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24
Q

The 3 factors affect the rate of _______ for enzymes

  • _________
  • ___
  • ________ concentration
A

reaction

  • Temperature
  • pH
  • Substrate concentration
25
Q

Increasing temperature at first increases the _______ of enzymes and ________, thus allowing for more enzymes and ________ to ______ and form _______-______ complexes.

A

energy, substrates, substrates, collide, enzyme-substrate complexes

26
Q

If it gets too ___, some of the _____ holding the enzyme together ______ - this causes the ______ ____ of the enzyme to _______ (change ______), so the ________ won’t fit anymore.

All enzymes have an _______ temperature at which their rate of _______ is at it’s _______.

A

hot, bonds, break, active site, denature, shape, substrate

optimum, reaction, highest

27
Q

Graph of Enzyme rate of _______ and temperature

Shaped like an _______ U shape, with a gradual ________ and then _________.

Y Axis = Rate of _______
X axis = __________

A

reaction

inverted/upside down, increase, decrease

28
Q

pH also affects enzymes. If it’s too ____ or too ____, the pH interferes with the _____ holding the _______ together - this causes the enzyme to _______ (_____ ____ changes ______)

All enzymes have an _______ pH at which they ____ work at. It’s often neutral pH __, but not always

A

high, low, bonds, enzymes, denature (active site changes shape)

optimum, best, pH 7

29
Q

Graph of Enzyme rate of _______ and pH

Shaped like an _______ U shape, with a gradual ________ and then _________.

X Axis = ___
Y axis = Rate of ________

A

reaction

inverted/upside down, increase, decrease

X Axis = pH
Y Axis = Rate of reaction

30
Q

________ concentration also affects the rate of _______ - higher the ________ _______, the _______ the reaction as it’ll be more _______ that an enzyme will meet up and ______ with a ________.

This is only up until a _____ point - there are so many ________ that all ______ ____ are full and so adding more ________ will make no difference.

A

Substrate, reaction, substrate concentration, faster, common/likely, react, substrate

certain, substrates, active sites, substrates

31
Q

Graph of Substrate Concentration and rate of reaction

Y Axis = ____ of reaction

X Axis = ________ concentration

Graph is a _____ that gradually ______ until a certain _____ where it completely _______ out and becomes _______.

A

Y Axis = Rate of reaction

X Axis = Substrate concentration

curve, increases, point, flattens, constant

32
Q

Light absorption in the leaf happens in the ________ ________ tissue of the leaf.

________ cells are _______-shaped and packed with many __________.

They are arranged ______ together so that a lot of light energy can be _________.

A

palisade mesophyll

Palisade, column, chloroplasts

closely, absorbed

33
Q

Cross section of a leaf

A

Search the image for it

34
Q

3 features of leaves and their functions

Large _______ ____ - To maximise _____ absorption

Thin - Short _______ for _____-______ to _______ into leaf cells

_______ - A waxy ________ layer which reduces ______ loss, it is ________ to allow light through the leaf

A

Large Surface Area, light

distance, carbon-dioxide, diffuse

Cuticle, waterproof, water, transparent

35
Q

The stomata controls ___ ________ in the leaf. Each stoma can be _____ or ______, depending on how _____ its ____ cells are.

A

gas exchange, open, closed, turgid, guard

36
Q

The stomata can open and close to

  • Regulate ________
  • Allow ___ _______
A

transpiration

gas exchange

37
Q

Diffusion of CO2, __ and _____ _____ into (or out of) the leaf is greatest when the stomata are ____, during the ____time.

A

O2, water vapour, open, daytime

38
Q

The Xylem transports ____ and _______ from the _____ up to other parts of the plant

The Phloem transports _______ and _______ ____ from the ______ and other parts of the plant.

A

water, minerals, roots

sucrose, amino acids, leaves

39
Q

The Xylem consists of elongated _____ cells, that are connected ___ to ___ to form continuous _______ (tubes)

A

dead, end to end, vessels

40
Q

Xylems vessels

  • Contain no _________
  • Are ________ to water
  • Have tough _____ containing a woody material called _____.
A

no cytoplasm

impermeable to water

tough walls, lignin

41
Q

Phloem consist of ______ cells arranged ___ to ___. They contain _______, and this goes through the holes in the _____ _____ from one cell to the ______.

Chemicals such as ________ also move through the plant by _________.

A

living cells, end to end, cytoplasm, sieve plates, next

pesticides, translocation

42
Q

Phloem transports _______ and _______ ____ up and _____ the plant - This is called __________.

This happens between where the substances are made (the ______) and where they are used or stored to (the _____).

A

sucrose, amino acids, down, translocation

source, sink

43
Q

This means, for example, that sucrose is transported

  • from sources in the ____ to sinks in the _____ in spring time
  • from sources in the ______ to sinks in the _____ in the summer
A

root, leaves

leaves, root

44
Q

Clarification

Translocation is the transport of _______ _______ within a plant

A

dissolved material

45
Q

______ bundles are groups of ______ and ______ tissue in a plant

In a leaf, the phloem is usually found closer to the _____ surface of the plant.

A

Vascular bundle, xylem, phloem

lower

46
Q

Root

Xylem vessels are _____ and _____, so the _______ bundles are in the ______ of the root to _____ forces that could pull the plant out of the ground.

A

tough, strong, vascular, centre, resist

47
Q

Stem

The stem has to resist ________ (squashing) and _______ forces caused by the plant’s ______ and the ____.

The _______ bundles are arranged near the ____ of the stem, with the phloem on the _______, and the xylem on the _______.

A

compression, bending, weight, wind

vascular, edge, outside, inside

48
Q

Transpiration is the evaporation of ____ at the surfaces of the ______ _______ cells in leaves, followed by loss of water vapour through the _______.

A

water, spongy mesophyll, stomata

49
Q

Water moves through the _____ vessels in a continuous _________ stream

root → ____ → leaf

A

xylem, transpiration

stem

50
Q

Transpiration produces a ______ or “pull” on the water in ______ vessels by the ______, Water molecules are _______ (able to ____ together), so water is pulled ___ through the plant.

A

tension, xylem, leaves, cohesive, stick together, pulled up

51
Q

The functions of the transpiration stream are

  • Transporting _______ ___
  • Providing water to keep cells _____ (enlarged and ______ by water) by filling ______ in order to support the planting and stop it ______
  • Providing water to ____ cells for __________
  • Keeping the leaves cool by _________.
A

mineral ions
turgid, swollen, vacuoles, wilting
leaf, photosynthesis
evaporation

52
Q

Rate of transpiration

If the rate of transpiration increases, the rate of _______ of water by the root _______ as well.

A

transpiration increases, absorption of water increases

53
Q

Root hair cells BBC

Root hair cells are where most water _______ happens.

They are l___ and ____ so they can penetrate between ____ particles, and they have a large _______ ____ for maximising ________ of water via ________.

A

water absorption

long and thin, soil particles, large surface area, absorption of water via osmosis

54
Q

Root hair cells BBC

Water passes from the ____ water to the root hair cell’s _______ by ________.
This happens because the soil water has a higher _________ than the root hair cell _______.

A

soil water –> root hair cell’s cytoplasm via osmosis

higher concentration, cytoplasm

55
Q

Plants can only absorb _______ minerals (those that can ______ in water). They absorb minerals dissolved in solution from the soil through their _____ ____ cells.

A

soluble minerals, dissolved

root hair cells

56
Q

Minerals cannot be transported via osmosis because this is the transport of ______ only.
Minerals cannot be absorbed by diffusion, because minerals are in very low ___________.

Instead, minerals are absorbed via ______ ________

A

osmosis - transport of water only
diffusion, minerals in very low concentration

minerals absorbed via active transport

57
Q

Active transport

The root hair cells have _____ proteins in their ____ ________. These pick up the mineral ___ and move against the ________ gradient. (___ concentration to ____ concentration).

A

carrier proteins, cell membranes, mineral ions, against concentration gradient, low –> high

58
Q

Because active transport moves ions ______ the concentration gradient into the ___ ___ cells, _____ is needed.

The energy is supplied in the form of ____.

A

against, root hair cells, energy is needed

ATP

Biology Flashcards - OCR 21st Century (11 decks)

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