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psych 337 Second Middy > Temporal Lobes > Flashcards

Temporal Lobes Flashcards

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1
Q

where is the temporal lobe located between?

A

tissue below the sylvan fissure and anterior to the occipital cortex

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2
Q

what are the subcortical temporal lobe structures (inside)?

A

limbic cortex, amygdala, hippocampal formation

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3
Q

what are the lateral surface (outer surface) structures of the temporal lobe?

A
  1. auditory areas

2. ventral stream of visual information (inferior temporal cortex)

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4
Q

What and where is the insula?

A

insula is an area under the sylvan tissue
- it is connected with the gustatory cortex (taste)
- is is also an auditory association cortex
and it has a role in nicotine addictiion

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5
Q

what is a multimodal cortex or polymodal cortex?

A

area under superior temporal sulcus that receives input from more than one modality (aud, visual, and somatic regions)

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6
Q

What was the Naqvi et al study showing?

A

it just showed that individuals who have insular damage have an easier time quitting smoking and less temptations which shows that the insula is a big region for addictions

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7
Q

what is function of the medial temporal cortex?

A

includes the amygdala, and adjacent cortex, the hippocampus and the surrounding cortex and the fusiform gyrus

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8
Q

what is TH and TF?

A

the posterior end of the medial temporal lobe
includes the parahippocampal cortex (PPA) which plays a big role in landmark and scene recognition

also includes EC (entirorhinal cortex) which are grid cells that provide spatial location and memory

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9
Q

what are the afferent connections towards the temporal cortex coming from?

A

sensory systems

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10
Q

what are the effect projections from the temporal cortex going to?

A

parietal and frontal association regions, limbic system and basal ganglia

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11
Q

what connects the left and right temporal cortex?

A
  1. corpus callous

2. anterior commissure

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12
Q

what are the 5 distinct connections of the temporal lobe?

A
  1. hierarchical sensory pathway
  2. dorsal auditory pathway
  3. polymodal pathway
  4. medial temporal projection
  5. temporal lobe projection
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13
Q

what is the hierarchical sensory pathway of the temporal lobe?

A
  • processes incoming auditory and visual information
  • involved in stimulus recognition (aka ventral pathway for vision and audition)

aka this is the “what” pathway

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14
Q

what is the dorsal auditory pathway?

A
  • from the auditory cortex to posterior parietal cortex
    detects spatial location of sounds

where pathway

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15
Q

what is the polymodal pathway?

A
  • from the auditory and visual areas to the polymodal cortex (STS)
  • involved in stimulus categorization –> contains neurons of different modalities that come together)
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16
Q

what is the medial temporal projection?

A

from aud and visual areas to the medial temporal lobe, limbic cortex, hippocampal formation and amygdala

  • the perforant pathway is the major input to the hippocampus (from the entirorhinal cortex to the hippocampus)
  • this is the pathway for LTP
17
Q

what is the frontal lobe projection?

A

aud and visual cortex to the frontal lobe

  • involved in movement control
  • short term memory
  • and affect
18
Q

What are three basic sensory functions of the temporal lobe?

A
  1. processing aud input
  2. visual object recognition
  3. LTP formation
19
Q

what is the evidence to show that temporal lobe is involved in cross modal matching?

A

the ventriloquism effect.. matching visual and auditory information
depends on cortex of the STS

20
Q

what is the affective response theory of temporal lobe function?

A
  • emotional responses is associated with a particular stimulus
21
Q

what is the spatial navigation theory of temporal lobe function? what is a study done to show this?

A

that the hippocampus in the temporal lobe is involved in spatial navigation

  • through the discovery of place cells by O’keefe in 1976
22
Q

what is the experiment used to demonstrate the evidence for hippocampal place fields (place cells that respond only when animal is in a specific location in the environment)?

A
  1. placing rats in a rectangular cage and seeing where the place cell in hippocampus fires
    - shown that it only fires in the lower quadrant of the cage
    - even when placed in a different cage (circular) it still fires in the lower quadrant
    - in a t-maze, the place cells for the rat fires only to the left and even in the left area within an arm
23
Q

What is the morrize water maze task and what does it say about the function of the temporal lobe?

A

starts by placing rat in clear water and letting it find the platform that is visible

  • then the water will turn opaque and the platform will not be seen so therefore they would have to rely on spatial memory to find the platform
  • in intact rats this is simple to do and they find it quickly
  • in non-hippocampal intact rats they can’t find the platform in opaque water no matter what because they don’t have spatial location memory

shows the significance of hippocampus for spatial location memory

24
Q

how is the superior temporal sulcus involved in detection of biological movement? What was the experiment involved?

A

biological motion is the movements relevant to a species

study done by David Perrett and colleagues that show that STS cells are maximally responsive to a particular types of biological motions like person walking etc.. and STS neurons in the observing monkey respond more strongly to an approaching body than to the same body moving in other directions

25
Q

What did Hasson and colleagues find about visual processing in the temporal lobe?

A

used fMRI to monitor cortical activity when they viewed a film

  • they found that there was a lot of activity in STS and cingulate regions for biological movement whenever people moved
  • there was selective activation moment to moment film content of faces and scenes
    for example the PPA activated when they were showed a scene and the FFA was activated when shown a face

but parietal and frontal lobes showed no significant differences in activation between the people because they were activated differently in all of them

26
Q

What does music perception rely on?

A

relies on relation between elements.. acoustical grouping and perception of change

27
Q

what is loudness?

A

magnitude of a sensation as judged by a given person

28
Q

what is timbre?

A

distinctive characteristic of sound

29
Q

what is pitch?

A

position of a sound in a musical scale as judged by the listener (vibration frequency of sound wave)

30
Q

what do patient with temporal lobe injuries illustrate about the temporal lobe and music perception?

A

illustrate that the left temporal lobe plays a major role in temporal grouping for rhythm whereas the right lobe plays a role in meter

31
Q

what does schenider and colleague’s experiment show about musicians and non-muscicans temporal lobes?

A

musicians have a larger volume of gray and white matter in their heschl’s gyrus

  • fundamental pitch listener’s (listen to the individual pitches of the sound) –> are more left asymmetry in the hesch’s
  • spectral pitch listeners –> more rightward asymmetry (listen to sounds as a whole and not the fundamental components)
32
Q

what are symptoms of temporal lobe lesions?

A
  1. aud distrubance
  2. music perception disorder
  3. disturbance of selection of visual and aud input
  4. impaired organization and categorization (object agnosia)
  5. inability to use contextual info
  6. inability to form Long term memory
  7. altered/sticky personality
  8. altered sexual behaviour
33
Q

what are some disorders of music perception that are not always related to temporal lobe damage?

A

congenital amusia which is tone deafness
- difficulty distinguishing different tone and cannot recognize music as music but has intact hershel’s gyrus with no damage to aud cortex

34
Q

what are personality changes that can be noted as a result of temporal lobe damage?

A
  • personality that overmephaizes trivia and petty/small irrelevant details of life
  • pedantic speech (flat sounding and boring speech)
  • egocentricity (things are always about them old)
  • preservation
  • paranoia
  • preoccupation with religion
  • proneness to aggression

psych 337 Second Middy (7 decks)

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