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psych 337 Second Middy > Occipital Lobes and Object Recognition > Flashcards

Occipital Lobes and Object Recognition Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three clear landmarks on the medial surface (inner regions) of the occipital lobe?

A
  1. parieto-occipitaq sulcus
  2. collateral sulcus
  3. calcimine sulcus (this contains much of primary visual cortex and separates the upper and lower visual fields)
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2
Q

What is on the ventral surface of the occipital lobes (2)? (bottom ouster regions)

A
  1. lingual gyrus (V2 and VP)

2. fusiform gyrus (V4)

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3
Q

Where does the dorsal/where stream project to?

A

projects from v1 to inferior parietal cortex

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4
Q

where does the ventral/what stream project to?

A

projects from v1 to the inferior temporal area

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5
Q

what is subdivision of the occipital cortex that is responsible for color vision?

A

color vision’s primary area is the v4, but it is distributed throughout the occipital cortex
- v4 generally plays a role in detection of movement, depth and position

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6
Q

what are the three areas that the PVC (primary visual cortex v1) projects to?

A

the PVC itself gets input from the lateral geniculate nuclei and then outputs to all other levels

the secondary visual cortex gets input from PVC and then outputs to all other levels

after the V2:

  • theres output to parietal lobe —> dorsal stream
  • output to interior temporal lobe –> ventral stream
  • Output to superior temporal sulcus (STS) –> STS Stream
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7
Q

What are the three visual pathways?

A
  1. Dorsal stream –> visual guidance of movements
  2. ventral stream –> object perception
  3. STS –> visuospatial functions and movement perceptions
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8
Q

What are functions beyond the occipital lobe?

A

visual related areas in the brain make 55% of the total cortex surface area therefore its a complex system

  • multiple visual regions exist in the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes
  • vision is not unitary and it has many specific forms of processing
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9
Q

What are the 5 categories of vision?

A
  1. vision for action
  2. action for vision
  3. visual recognition
  4. visual space
  5. visual attention
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10
Q

what is vision for action?

A
  • parietal visual areas in the dorsal stream
  • includes: reaching, ducking, and catching
  • allows a visual mapping of an object that allows motor system to have correct posture and anticipate the actions of the object
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11
Q

What is the action for vision?

A
  • visual scanning
  • eye movements and selective attention
  • moving your eyes to attend to things
  • in experiment: theres a link between how we scan objects with out eyes and how we recognize them which include the ventral pathway
    patients who have difficulty recognizing objects show random eye movements
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12
Q

what is the visual recognition category?

A

involves temporal lobes in object recognition

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13
Q

what is the visual space category?

A
  • parietal and temporal lobes involved in spatial location and location of object relative to person (egocentric view) and relative to another (allocentric view)
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14
Q

What is visual attention category?

A

selective attention for a specific visual input

- parietal lobes guide movements and temporal lobes help in object recognition (work together to direct attention)

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15
Q

What is the role of the LOC/LO in the occipital lobe?

A

lateral occipital cortex

  • looks at perceptual constancy for size, location, view point, illumination, form-cue invariance, like photos real objects and line drawings
  • LOC is activated by showing people pictures of familiar objects
  • the ebbinghaus illusion messes up the LOC
  • if you show people a picture of an airplane it lights up as if it was a real airplane
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16
Q

What is David Marr’s analysis on how we perceive objects?

A

he said that v1/v2 are involved in primal sketch … extracting features from fundamental components of the scene like edges and regions

  • then he said v3/v4 are involved in the 2 demential representation where theres texture and depth (binocular disparity)
  • then he said the inferior temporal lobe and LOC play a key role in 3D representations of an object and scene is visualized as continuous and invariant and object is either egocentric or allocentric
  • he also said that goons are volumetric properties and fundamental properties of all things we view and we put geons together to make bigger pictures
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17
Q

what is Goodale and Milner’s Model of Vision for Perception and Vision for Action?

A

they state that object recognition comes from v1 –> v2 –> V3 (dynamic form/changing form)/V4 (color form) –> and then to temporal visual areas which help us recognize objects

Vision for action comes from v1 –> v5 (motion)/V3A (form) –> parietal areas

but there is a clear fluidity between these pathways

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18
Q

What is monocular Blindness?

A

loss of sight in one eye

- results from destruction of retina or optic nerve

19
Q

what is bitemporal hemianopia?

A

loss of vision from both temporal fields

  • results from a lesion to the medial region of the optic chasm
  • losing the ability to detect vision outside visual field on both sides
20
Q

What is nasal hemianopia?

A

loss of vision of one nasal field

- results from a lesion of the lateral region of the optic chasm

21
Q

what is homonymous hemianopia?

A

blindness in one entire visual field, results from complete cut of the optic tract, LGN or v1

22
Q

what is macular sparing?

A

sparing of the central or macular region of the visual field and results from lesion to occipital lobe

23
Q

what is quadrantoanopia or hemianopia?

A

complete loss of vision in one quarter of the fovea or in one half of the fovea; results from lesion to occipital lobe

24
Q

what are field defects?

A

scotomas –> small blind spots

  • often aren’t noticed because of nystagmus (fill in blanks) and they are constant, tiny involuntary ye movements
  • results from small lesions to the occipital cortex
25
Q

what happened to B.K and v1 damage and scotoma?

A

he had right infarct (dead tissue) in the occipital loe

  • he experienced blindsight (he could perceive motion and location but could not perceive content)
  • lost one quarter of the fovea and had poor vision in his upper left quadrant
  • slow facial recognition
26
Q

What happened to D.B and v1 damage and blindsight

A

had angioma (malformation in vascular tissue) in the right calcimine issue and has hemianopia

  • cortical blindness –> blindsight in which he reports no conscious awareness of seeing but can report movement and location of objects (ventral stream problem)
  • points with high accuracy to where the pictures are even though he can’t see them
27
Q

what happened to J.I and v4 damage and loss of color vision?

A

had a concussion

  • specific damage in the occipital cortex
  • no longer remembered color
28
Q

what happened to P.B and conscious color perception in blind patient?

A

suffered schema and it destroyed large area of the posterior cortex

  • can only detect presence or absence of light and has intact color vision
  • could identify and name colors and name typical colors for objects from memory
  • he is blind everywhere else except to detect color
29
Q

What happened to L.M and V5 (MT) damage and perception of movement?

A

bilateral posterior damage

  • loss of movement vision
  • unable to intercept moving objects (catch)
  • shows that v5 is most likely involved in both perception and action
30
Q

what happened to D.F and occipital damage and visual agnosia?

A

bilateral damage to the LOC region (being able to identify objects in the lateral occipital cortex), and which is in between parietal and occipital lobe

  • developed visual form agnosia: inability to recognize line drawings of objects
  • can use visual information to guide movements but not to recognize objects
31
Q

what is appreciative agnosia?

A

perceptual categorization –> cannot form a whole picture of the object but can name individual/local aspects of the objects (i.e. for a mug, they can’t say it say its a mug, they would just say its something with stripes on it..etc..)

32
Q

what is associative agnosia?

A

cannot link percept to knowledge… they can accurately describe the cup but they can’t name it

33
Q

what is category specific agnosia?

A

know all objects except those linked to a specific category.. i.e not able to name fruits.. this is a memory access disorder

34
Q

what do humans show in face processing and prosopagnosia?

A

posterior right hemisphere

  • configurational info –> fires depending on specific direction of the effect
  • inversion effect –> upright activated more and more activated for faces than other things
35
Q

what is the Thompson illusion?

A

upright faces with people in FFA damage will no be recognizable but once they are turned upside down, their performance is like a normal person and they can notice differences between two upside down face images
why? because the FFA is not involved in identifying faces when its upside down and we use object recognition (LOC) instead

36
Q

how does the right hemisphere N170 play a role in face recognition?

A

right hemisphere shows more pronounced response for n170 for both upright and inverted, while left hemisphere only shows response to a face in general (object recognition)

mainly recognized by anterior regions

37
Q

what is the famous faces experiment?

A

put electrodes in ventral area of the right hemisphere

  • results show that no activity for emotional faces, objects or spatial or animal objects, but ONLY activity results from famous faces
38
Q

what is the experiment done to show role of experience in recognition?

A

done using novice radiologists, resident radiologists, junior radiologist and senior radiologist (by experience)
and they were shown faces (as control), normal x-rays and abnormal x-rays

it was shown that the ability to recognize normal x-ray decreases with experience and the ability to recognize abnormal x-rays increases with experience

this can show us that objects of expertise may be processed with configure information and may use face recognition areas like the FFA to do this

39
Q

Describe the car expert, bird expert experiment?

A

people who were more experienced in cars showed FFA activation to cars, and people who were more experience in birds showed FFA activation to birds

but when the car experts were shown birds then FFA was not activated and vice versa

indicates that FFA can be used for processing of things other than faces

40
Q

What was the grebe configure creature experiment?

A

showing people greebles (things they don’t even know) one at a time and then asking if they are the same or different.

then teaching one group of individuals the difference between the grebes until they master it and then not teaching the other group and then looking at activation of FFA towards showing upright greebles, inverted greebles, upright faces and inverted faces

result: people are good at upright faces, not as strong effect in greebles but over time, they get good at the task and recognize upright and inverted greebles
- the experienced grebe people were able to react towards seeing greebles the same as they would see a face

41
Q

What is prosopagnosia?

A

associated with right hemisphere damage and people can see individual parts of the face but not the face as a whole

42
Q

what is the covert face recognition paradigm?

A

show a face with a name beside it, and then have them read the name as fast as you can

the more related the name is to the image, the fast we are able to say it and the less related, the slower they are able to say it
porspagnosia patients are the same way as normal people with this task even though they can’t see the face as a whole
this shows that the process that is going on is implicit

43
Q

what is tactile recognition?

A

theres an area between tactile and visual tests called the Lateral occipital area and it converges with other modalities and that might be the region where people use to read braille

psych 337 Second Middy (7 decks)

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