Template 4

Question 1

Medial Collateral Ligament Sprain - Grade II

Answer 1

Grade II injury is characterized by partial tearing of the ligament’s fibers resulting in joint laxity when the ligament is stretched.
Mechanism of injury is usually a blow to the outside of the knee joint causing excess force to the medial side of the joint.
Return to previous functional level should occur within four to eight weeks following the injury if no other associated structures are involved.

Question 2

Multiple Sclerosis

Answer 2

Characterized by demyelination of the myelin sheaths that surround nerves within the brain and spinal cord resulting in plaque development, decreased nerve conduction velocity and eventual failure of impulse transmission.
Clinical symptoms may include visual problems, paresthesias, sensory changes, clumsiness, weakness, ataxia, balance dysfunction, and fatigue.
Intervention includes regulation of activity level, relaxation and energy conservation techniques, normalization of tone, balance activities, gait training, and core stabilization.

Question 3

Myocardial Infarction

Answer 3

Myocardial infarction occurs when there is poor coronary artery perfusion, ischemia, and subsequent necrosis of the cardiac tissue usually due to thrombus, arterial blockage or atherosclerosis.
Risk factors include patient or family history of heart disease, smoking, physical inactivity, stress, hypertension, elevated cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, and obesity.
Clinical presentation may include deep pain or pressure in substernal area with or without pain radiating to the jaw or into the left arm or the back.

Question 4

Osteoarthritis

Answer 4

Degenerative process primarily involving articular cartilage resulting from excessive loading of a healthy joint or normal loading of an abnormal joint.
Typically diagnosed based on the results of a clinical examination and X-Ray findings.
Prevalence is higher among women than men later in life with approximately 80-90% of individuals older than 65 years of age demonstrating evidence of osteoarthritis.

Question 5

Osteoporosis

Answer 5

Metabolic bone disorder where the rate of bone resorption accelerates while the rate of bone formation slows down.
Patients may complain of low thoracic or lumbar pain and experience compression fractures of the vertebrae.
Bone mineral density test accounts for 70% of bone strength and is the easiest way to determine osteoporosis.

Question 6

Parkinson’s Disease

Answer 6

Degenerative disorder characterized by a decrease in production of dopamine (neurotransmitter) within the corpus striatum of the basal ganglia.
Clinical presentation may include hypokinesia, difficulty initiating and stopping movement, festinating and shuffling gait, bradykinesia, poor posture, and “cogwheel”or “lead pipe”rigidity.
Medical management includes dopamine replacement therapy (Levodopa, Sinemet, Madopar) which is designed to minimize bradykinesia, rigidity and tremor.

Question 7

Patellofemoral Syndrome

Answer 7

Causes damage to the articular cartilage of the patella ranging from softening to complete cartilage destruction resulting in exposure of subchondral bone.
Etiology is unknown, however, it is extremely common during adolescence, is more prevalent in females than males, and has a direct association with activity level.
Management includes controlling edema, stretching, strengthening, improving range of motion, and activity modification.