Template 3

Question 1

Emphysema

Answer 1

Results from a long history of chronic bronchitis, recurrent alveolar inflammation or from genetic predisposition of a congenital alpha 1-anti trypsin deficiency.
Clinical presentation may include barrel chest appearance, increased sub costal angle, rounded shoulders secondary to tight pectorals, and rosy skin coloring.
Symptoms of emphysema worsen with the progression of the disease and include a persistent cough, wheezing, difficulty breathing especially with expiration, and an increased respiration rate.

Question 2

Fibromyalgia Syndrome

Answer 2

Nonarticular rheumatic condition with pain caused by tender point within muscles, tendons, and ligaments.
Greater incidence in females (almost 75% of the cases) potentially affecting any age.
Widespread history of pain that exist in all four quadrants of the body ( above and below the waist), axial pain is present, and there is pain in at least 11 of 18 standardized “ tender point” sites.

Question 3

Full-Thickness Burn

Answer 3

Burn causes immediate cellular and tissue death and subsequent vascular destruction.
Escar forms from necrotic cells and creates a dry and hard layer that requires debridement.
Absent sensation and pain due to destruction of free nerve endings, however there may be pain from adjacent areas that experience partial-thickness burns.

Question 4

Gullain-Barre Syndrome

Answer 4

Results in motor weakness in a distal to proximal progression, sensory impairment, and possible respiratory paralysis.
Etiology of the disease is unknown, however it is hypothesized to be an autoimmune response to a previous respiratory infection, influenza, immunization or surgery.
Majority of patient experience full recovery.20% have remaining neurological deficits, and 3-5% of patients die from respiratory complications.

Question 5

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

Answer 5

Primary risk factors for contracting HIV include unprotected sexual relations, intravenous drug use or mother to fetus transmission.
Patient may actually be “symptom free” for one to two years post infection or may exhibit flu-like symptoms including rash and fever
Leading cause of death for patients with the virus is kidney failure secondary to the extended drug therapies.

Question 6

Huntington’s Disease

Answer 6

Chronic progressive genetic disorder that is fatal within 15 to 20 years after clinical manifestation
Characterized by degeneration and atrophy of the basal ganglia ( specifically the striatum)and cerebral cortex within the brain
Clinical presentation includes enlarged ventricles secondary to atrophy of the basal ganglia, mental deterioration, speech disturbances, and ataxic gait.

Question 7

Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA)

Answer 7

Autoimmune disorder found in children less than 16 years of age that occurs when the immune cells mistakenly begin to attack the joints and organs causing local and systemic effects throughout the body.
Girls have a higher incidence of JRA and are most commonly diagnosed as toddlers or in early adolescence
Clinical symptoms include persistent joint swelling, pain, and stiffness.

Question 8

Lateral Epicondylitis “Tennis Elbow”

Answer 8

Characterized by inflammation or degenerative changes at the common extensor tendon that attaches to the lateral epicondyle of the elbow.
Repeated overuse of the wrist extensors, particularly the extensor carpi radial is brevis can produce tensile stress and result in microscopic tearing and damage to the extensor tendon.
Clinical symptoms include difficulty holding or gripping objects and insufficient forearm functional strength.