tem pulse blood Flashcards
• Reflecting the physiologic state that governs the body’s vital organs.
VITAL SIGNS
Collective term for temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure
VITAL SIGNS
PURPOSES OF VITAL SIGNS
• identifying problems
• monitoring the patient’s condition
• evaluating the patient’s response to the intervention
• basis for clinical problem solving
• part of care in any healthcare settings
the physiologic balance between heat produced in the body tissues and heat lost to the
environment.
BODY TEMPERATURE
derived through the metabolism of food taken into the body, the activity of circulating hormones,
and the skeletal muscles
B0DY HEAT
A rise in the body temperature:
a. normal heat production but _____ heat loss.
b. normal heat loss but ____ heat production.
decreased, increased
A fall in the body temperature:
a. normal heat loss but _____ heat production.
b. normal heat production but increased _____
decreased, heat loss.
FACTORS AFFECTING TEMPERATURE MAINTENANCE AND REGULATION
- Environmental Temperature
- Diurnal Variations
- Exercise
- Specific Dynamic Action (SDA) of Food
- Hormonal Activity
- Sex and Age Factors
Heat production is increased by heat, gained from exposure to the sun and using
warm clothing or any factor that increases environmental temperature
Environmental Temperature
Body temperature is generally lowest early in the morning and highest in the afternoon or
early evening following a day of activity.
Diurnal Variations
Body heat is the result of cell activity. (skeletal activity) therefore heat production is increased by ____
exercise
Oxidation and combustion of food release heat-producing energy. Ingestion of high-calorie energy-giving foodstuff
increases the temperature due to food having a specific caloric yield (4.1 calories for 1 gram of CHO and protein and
9.3 calories for 1 gram of fat)
Specific Dynamic Action (SDA) of Food.
Specific Dynamic Action (SDA) of Food.
Oxidation and combustion of food release heat-producing energy. Ingestion of high-calorie energy-giving foodstuff
increases the temperature due to food having a specific caloric yield ( ___calories for 1 gram of CHO and protein and
___ calories for 1 gram of fat)
4.1, 9.3
Certain factors increase hormonal activity that raises heat production due to the stimulation
of hormonal glands to pour out secretions into the general circulation of the body.
Hormonal Activity
Newborns and young children have higher body temperature than adults. The aged tend to have lower temperatures
than young adults.
Sex and Age Factors
commonly used device to measure body temperature. It has a glass bulb containing mercury and a stem.
thermometer
a silvery liquid metal used for this purpose because it expands when exposed to heat and
rises as it expands in the narrow
mercury
TYPES OF THERMOMETERS
- Glass and Mercury Thermometer
- Digital thermometers
- Forehead thermometers
- Plastic strip thermometer
- Pacifier thermometer
- Electronic or tympanic ear thermometers
- Thermal imaging cameras
• It has a glass bulb containing mercury and a stem.
• one end contains a bulb filled with mercury.
• outside of a glass tube (stem) marked with a scale for measurement.
Glass and Mercury Thermometer
These thermometers are the old-school way to take a temperature. You normally would place it under your
tongue and watch the mercury rise. Once it stops, that would be your temperature. Unfortunately, due to the
risk of mercury poisoning, this means of taking a temperature is not a good idea and you are highly
recommended to consult with a healthcare body to discard any you might have.
Glass and Mercury Thermometer.
Types of Bulb on Glass Thermometer
Rectal thermometer, Axillary thermometer, Oral thermometer
short, flat, rounded
Rectal thermometer
long and slender bulb
Axillary thermometer
slightly longer than the rectal bulb
Oral thermometer
are regarded as the fastest, most common, and most accurate type of thermometer. Readings
are taken from under the tongue, from the rectum, or under the armpit. They are easily found in local pharmacies
and can be used at home or in the hospital.
Digital thermometers
These thermometers also read heat using infrared and are placed on the temporal artery. Forehead thermometers are
also not as reliable as digital thermometers.
Forehead thermometers
These thermometers can detect the presence of a fever in a patient; however, they do not give an exact temperature
reading. They simply act as an indication that something might be wrong. To use them, you just place the strip on
the forehead
Plastic strip thermometers
These thermometers are used predominantly in babies older than three months. They require the baby to be still for a
couple of minutes and this can be a struggle. This means that sometimes the temperature can be inaccurate.
Pacifier thermometer
These use infrared technology to get their temperature reading. Electronic ear thermometers are less accurate if there
is too much wax in the ear it can give an incorrect reading. Despite being expensive, they are a lot easier to use on
babies and young children, as it can be hard to get children to sit still for long enough while using digital
thermometers.
Electronic or tympanic ear thermometers
handheld electronic devices with an integrated visual display, designed for detecting heat energy. The key
component of a thermal camera is a heat sensor attached to a special type of lens, which is then adapted to work
alongside standard image-capture technologies
. Thermal imaging cameras
freezing point at 32 ºF, boiling point of water at 212 ºF
FAHRENHEIT SCALE (ºF)
Named after Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit, a German physicist who invented the mercury thermometer in
1714.
FAHRENHEIT SCALE (ºF)
FAHRENHEIT SCALE (ºF) is mamed after
Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit
FAHRENHEIT freezing point and boiling point of water at _
32, 212 F
CELSIUS/CENTIGRADE SCALE (ºC) is named after a Swedish scientist
Anders Celsius
CELSIUS/CENTIGRADE SCALE (ºC)
• The freezing point at __ C. boiling point of water at ____
0, 100
more widely used temperature scale in the Philippines
CELSIUS/CENTIGRADE SCALE (ºC)
CONVERSION OF DEGREES CELSIUS TO DEGREES FAHRENHEIT
Add 40, multiply by 9/5, and subtract 40 from the result
Or
Multiply by 9/5 and add 32
CONVERSION OF DEGREES FAHRENHEIT TO DEGREES CELSIUS
Add 40, multiply by 5/9, and subtract 40 from the result
Or
Subtract 32 and multiply by 5/9
most practical clinically preferred method. Reflects changing body temperature more
quickly than the rectal method.
ORAL/BY MOUTH
the most accurate and reliable index of internal body temperature but it
could be uncomfortable to the patient. Advisable on the very ill, neurosurgical, and highly febrile patients.
RECTAL/FROM THE RECTUM
least accurate, should be taken only when oral and rectal temperature is
contraindicated.
AXILLA/FROM THE ARMPIT
use infrared sensors to pick up on infrared radiation that the body produces.
Although infrared radiation is not visible, a person may be able to feel it as heat.
Forehead Thermometers-
using electronic device i.e.
TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
Armpit, ear, and forehead thermometers aren’t as accurate. Most doctors think an _____, which you hold under your tongue, is best.
oral
thermometer
It is preferable to take temperature in the axilla or rectum when the patient:
• young child or baby
• a mouth–breather
• just had a hot or cold drink.
• had undergone oral surgery or tooth extraction.
• has a hot or cold application in his mouth, face, or neck.
• unconscious or irrational or is one who generally cannot be trusted.
• has difficulty keeping his mouth closed.
• known to have seizures.
• has nausea and vomiting.
• on oxygen therapy (mask, nasal, trachea)
RECOMMENDED PLACEMENT AND TIME USING DIGITAL THERMOMETER
ORAL- SECONDS
RECTAL -SECONDS
ARMPIT- SECONDS
60, 45, 75-90 seconds
GLASS THERMOMETERS NEED TO BE HELD IN PLACE FOR
7-10 MINUTES.
RANGES OF NORMAL BODY TEMPERATURE SITE
oral in celsius and fahrenheit
36.5-37.5 (C), 97.6 – 99.6 (F)
RANGES OF NORMAL BODY TEMPERATURE SITE
axillary in celsius and fahrenheit
36.0 – 37.0, 96.6 – 98.6
RANGES OF NORMAL BODY TEMPERATURE SITE
rectal in celsius and fahrenheit
37.0 – 38.1, 98.6 – 100.6
recommends not to use glass thermometers with mercury. The glass can break, and mercury is a poison.
The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
BASIC PRELIMINARY PROCEDURES IN OBTAINING BODY TEMPERATURE
Follow safety protocols.
Wash hands.
Clean/ sanitize the thermometer.
use face mask
The probe is placed _____ and held in place until the instrument signals that it has registered a temperature.
under the patient’s tongue
RECTAL METHOD
place the patient in the _____ position
sim’s
rectal method
Separate the patient’s buttock with the _____ so that the rectum is visible.
heel of one hand
rectal method
Gently insert the tip of the thermometer into the rectum about ___ and hold it in place for 2 to 3 minutes. Do not leave a patient with a rectal thermometer in place. It must be held in place for an accurate reading.
1 to 1.5 inches
Rectal temperature is indicated to:
Very ill
2. Infants and young children
3. Irrational uncooperative and unconscious patien
Rectal temperature is indicated to:
1. Very ill
2. Infants and young children
3. Irrational uncooperative and unconscious patient.
Contraindicated to:
- Rectum is inflamed or operated.
- Impacted with fecal materials.
