Telecommunications Operations Flashcards
Local Exchange Carrier (LEC)
A LEC is a company that provides telephone exchange service or exchange access, excluding commercial mobile service providers, routing local calls.
Competitive local exchange carrier (CLEC)
a telecommunications provider that competes with established local phone companies, known as “incumbent local exchange carriers” (ILECs), in a given area, offering similar local phone services but often at more competitive prices by leveraging unbundled access to the existing network infrastructure;
Originating Service Provider
OSPs are responsible for originating 911 calls to Public Safety Answering Points (PSAPs)
Interexchange Carrier
Interexchange Carrier (IXC) is a communications common carrier that provides telecommunications services between local access and transport areas (LATAs) or between exchanges within the same LATA. Inter-exchange carriers own or share the various high-bandwidth, fiber-optic trunk lines that cross the country and provide high-speed switched digital services for voice, data, and video communication.
local loop
a physical connection between a customer’s home or business and the telecommunications network
Area code overlay/split
An area code overlay adds a new area code to an existing geographic region, allowing multiple area codes to serve the same area, while a geographic split divides an existing area code into two or more areas, each with its own area code
N-1-1
N-1-1” refers to the abbreviated dialing codes in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP), such as 211, 311, 511, 711, and 811, which provide access to specific services like community information, non-emergency government services, and more
VoIP Service Providers (VSP)
a company that offers services and products to enable businesses or individuals to make and receive phone calls over the internet instead of traditional phone lines
Copper
the use of copper wires for transmitting voice, data, and video signals
Fiber optic
a method of transmitting information using light pulses sent through optical fibers
Microwaves
a communication system that uses microwaves to transmit data between fixed locations
Coaxial cable
to convey data, video, and voice communications to customers
Telecommunications Quality of service
the overall performance of a network, focusing on measurable parameters like bandwidth, latency, and packet loss, to ensure efficient and reliable service delivery
Telephone Denial of Service (TDoS)
aims to make a telephone system unavailable by preventing incoming or outgoing calls, essentially flooding the system with malicious traffic to consume resources and prevent legitimate users from accessing it
Distrusted denial of service (DDoS)
a cybercrime where a malicious actor floods a target server or network with a large volume of traffic from multiple sources, effectively preventing legitimate users from accessing the service by overwhelming its capacity
Trunking Requirements
ensure adequate bandwidth, compatible equipment, and adherence to relevant standards and protocols for a successful implementation
Direct Trunked
a system where calls or data are routed directly between two points (like two offices) without going through a central switching hub, offering a dedicated and potentially more secure connection.
Tandem (Analog vs. Digital)
Analog communication uses analog signals for the transmission of information. Digital communication uses digital signals for the transmission of information. Analog communication uses signals that can be represented by sine waves. Digital communication uses signals that can be represented by square waves.
End Office Routing
the process of routing calls to their final destination, where the call is connected to the end user’s telephone line, after the call has gone through various network switches and routing points.
Alternate routing considerations
alternate routing, the load is allocated to high-usage and final routes in the most economical manner. In general, the direct or high-usage route is shorter and less expensive than the alternate-route path.
Grade of service/Blocking probabilities
Grade of Service (GOS) and blocking probability are closely related, representing the likelihood of a call being blocked or delayed due to network congestion or limited capacity. A GOS of 0.01 (1%) means 1 out of 100 calls might be blocked.
Wireless/PCS call routing and interconnects
PBX/PS ALI routing and interconnect
Private Branch Exchange may be a central system that provides service to remote locations that are geographically separated. Allows for internal communications between users within the organization and also provides connections to the public switched telephone network (PTSN)
Emergency services IP Network (ESInet)
provides the IP transport infrastructure upon which independent application platforms and core services can be deployed, including, but not restricted to, those necessary for providing NG9-1-1 services. ESInets may be constructed from a mix of dedicated and shared facilities. ESInets may be interconnected at local, regional, state, federal, national and international levels to form an IP-based internetwork (network of networks). The term ESInet designates the network, not the services that ride on the network. See NG9-1-1 Core Services.
