Tectonics and vulnerability Flashcards

1
Q

Description of constructive margin

A

-Core heats magma, rises to asthenosphere
-Cannot break through so moves parallel
-Plates are dragged apart
-Ridge push as plates are pushed up in the middle and their weight pushes them apart
-Slab pull where the other end of the plate is on a destructive margin
-Mid Atlantic ridge

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2
Q

Mantle characteristics

A

870 C
Less to medium density
Upper=olivine Lower=magnesium silicate
Liquid & solid

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3
Q

Outer core characteristics

A

4400-6100 C
Dense
Iron & sulphur
Liquid

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4
Q

Inner core characteristics

A

7000 C
Very dense
Iron & Nickel
Solid

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5
Q

Effusive

A

Runny

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6
Q

Description of destructive margin

A

-Oceanic plate is subducted (slab pull)
-Fold mountains, as plate concertinas
-Melted rock & gas in subduction zone
-Great pressure so magma rises to make volcanoes, these are explosive
-Many shallow and deep EQs with benioff zone going deep
-Nazca and SA plates

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7
Q

Description of continental collision margin

A

-Neither subducts so no volcanoes
-Crumple upwards to make fold mountains
-EQs mainly on boundary and are very violent, also intra-plate as plates deform
-The Alps (African and Eurasian)

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8
Q

Description of transform margin

A

-Plates move parallel
-No subduction so no volcanoes
-Many shallow EQs
-Elastic rebound
-San Andreas Fault

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9
Q

Elastic rebound

A

Plates get stuck at the margin so start to bend. Snap back to original shape in new locations.

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10
Q

Formation of island chains

A

-Hotspot in oceanic plate
-Outpouring of basalt makes land
-Plate moves so creates island in new spot
-Hawaii

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11
Q

Causes of intra-plate EQs

A

-Old weaknesses from previous collisions
-Climate change causing isostatic rebound
(New Madrid fault line)
-Rising sea levels adding weight to crust

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12
Q

Viscosity

A

Low=runny High=thick
More silica = Higher viscosity

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13
Q

Basaltic lava

A

Low viscosity
Where lava is heated by core and low in gas
Low magnitude eruptions
Constructive margins

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14
Q

Rhyolitic lava

A

High viscosity
Where subduction adds silica, gas and water to the magma
Magma has difficulty making it to the surface but creates very explosive eruptions when it does
Ash clouds, pyroclastic flows, volcanic bombs and lahars
Destrucive margins

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15
Q

Earthquake terminology

A

Focus- Origin point
Epicentre- Point on surface above focus
Seismic waves- Transmit energy from eq

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16
Q

EQ wave types

A

P - Compression, less damaging, fastest
S - Vertical amplitude, slower
L - Side to side, most damaging, at surface

17
Q

Liquefaction

A

Water saturated material becomes loose and water surrounds all grains.
Christchurch, New Zealand

18
Q

Primary impacts of a volcano

A

Lava flow
Pyroclastic flow
Gas eruptions
Ash cloud

19
Q

Secondary impacts of a volcano

A

Lahars
Landslides
Jokulhlaup
Acid rain

20
Q

Pyroclastic flow

A

Formed from collapse of eruption column; lava dome or lava flow. Fluidized by water vapour and gases. Montserrat 1997

21
Q

Lahar

A

A slurry of mud, water and volcanic debris, formed when a pyroclastic flow melts snow/ice or there is heavy rainfall

22
Q

What causes a tsunami (tsunamigenesis)

A

An impulsive and rapid crustal movement which displaces the water above it to create a series of waves

23
Q

Shoaling effect

A

As a wave/tsunami enters shallow water, the velocity diminishes and the height increases

24
Q

Natural hazard definition

A

An extreme event that has potential to cause loss of life and damage to property

25
Q

The pressure release model

A

Root causes
+Dynamic pressures
+Unsafe conditions
+Natural hazard
=Disaster

Risk = Hazard x Vulnerability

26
Q

Root causes

A

Limited access to: power, structures, resources.

Political & economic systems

27
Q

Dynamic pressures

A

Lack of: training, local investment, press freedom

Rapid population change/urbanisation

Deforestation

28
Q

Unsafe conditions

A

Physical environment

Local economy

Social relations

29
Q

Factors affecting perception of disasters/hazards

A

Common or rare event
Media coverage
Death toll
Location/timing
Education
Immediate or delayed impacts
Belief in authority

30
Q

Why has the number of disasters risen historically

A

-More people living in danger zones
-More hazards recorded by social media (but less reliable)
-Better monitoring (esp for LICs)
-Better understanding
-More priority of data collection

31
Q

Nepal vulnerability

A

-Low GDP/high debt so lack of defence investment and ability to deal with secondary impacts
-Women don’t work
-Isolated communities in mountains
-Monsoons cause landslides
-Unequal education