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Physical Geography > Coasts > Flashcards

Coasts Flashcards

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1
Q

Littoral zone

A

backshore, foreshore, nearshore and offshore (the shoreline)

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2
Q

Concordant

A

Alternating bands of rock parallel with the waves

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3
Q

Discordant

A

Alternating bands of rock perpendicular with the waves

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4
Q

Isostatic

A

Localised rise or fall in land

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5
Q

Eustatic

A

Global rise or fall in sea level

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6
Q

Sediment cell

A

Region of shoreline that encompasses sediment movement

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7
Q

SMP

A

Strategies to manage flood/erosion risk

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8
Q

ICZM

A

Overviews the strategies put in place to protect coasts, accounting for all parties of interest.

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9
Q

Primary coast

A

Affected by long term processes: tectonics and climate change

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10
Q

Secondary coast

A

Affected by short term processes like LSD

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11
Q

Strata

A

Layers of rock

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12
Q

Deformation

A

The extent to which rock has been tilted or folded by tectonic activity

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13
Q

Faulting

A

Weaknesses in rock created by tectonic movement

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14
Q

Rock types and examples

A

Metamorphic - Slates & marbles
Sedimentary - Limestone & sandstone
Igneous - Granite & basalt
Unconsolidated - Sand & clay

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15
Q

Factors for dune creation

A

Abundant sediment supply
Macro-tidal range
Predominant onshore wind
Vegetation

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16
Q

Factors affecting waves

A

Fetch
Power of wind
Water depth

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17
Q

Weathering

A

Decomposition through direct contact with the atmosphere in-situ

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18
Q

Exfoliation

A

Expands when hot and contracts when cold so layers peel away

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19
Q

Freeze thaw

A

Cracks fill with water, which expands when frozen, this repeats causing pieces to break off

20
Q

Salt crystallisation

A

Salt water evaporates, leaving salt crystals which grow and widen cracks, breaking off rock

21
Q

Biological weathering

A

Plant roots clump soil together and loosen the ground

22
Q

Chemical weathering

A

Rock is weakened through hydrolysis, carbonation or oxidation. (usually acid rain)

23
Q

Topple (mass movement)

A

Forward rotation of rock on vertical lithology , where weaknesses exist at bedding planes.

24
Q

Rotational slumping

A

Cliffs made of sands or clay become saturated and slide down with a rotational movement, leaving behind a terraced profile and rotational scar

25
Q

Rockfall

A

Rapid movement on cliffs exceeding 40 degrees caused by weathering. Leaves a talus slope at the foot (debris)

25
Q

Earthflow

A

Steeper slopes that have become saturated and masses of earth slides down the slope

26
Q

Flocculation

A

Clay particles suspended in water gain an electrostatic charge from the salt, so clump together and sink.

27
Q

Sediment sources

A

Rivers
Beaches
Cliff erosion
Attrition of boulders

28
Q

Sediment stores

A

Offshore bars
Beaches

29
Q

Sediment outputs

A

Offshore
Humans & animals

30
Q

Accretion

A

Build up of something

31
Q

Ria

A

Flooded river valley, dentritic shape

32
Q

Fjord

A

Flooded glacial valley, not dentritic, far deeper than ria

33
Q

Strategies to manage coastal erosion

A

Do nothing
Managed realignment
Hold the line
Advance the line
Limited intervention

34
Q

Beach nourishment

A

Adding sediment to beach
+Natural, supports tourism
-Storms can destroy, needs to be repeated

35
Q

Groynes

A

Walls that stop LSD
+Not as expensive as others, supports tourism
-£1000 per m, ugly, disrupts sediment cells

36
Q

Revetments

A

Sloped walls in front of backshore
Effective, LSD continues
Very expensive(£1500/m), less accessible

37
Q

Sea wall

A

Wall/pier that reflects waves
Very effective and lasts, supports tourism
£5000/m, interrupts cells by stopping erosion and deposition

38
Q

Rock armour

A

Boulders that dissipate waves
Long lasting, effective
Expensive if shipped from abroad, may not fully prevent erosion

39
Q

Gabions

A

Pebbles in wire basket
Relatively cheap and easy, can also prevent mass movement
Not very effective against high energy, frequent repair needed

40
Q

Blowhole formation

A

A pot hole is created on a cliff by weathering and it meets a cave. Eventually, they meet and create a passage.

41
Q

Retreating cliffs

A

Caused by repetition of wave-cut notches and platforms

42
Q

Formation of tombolo

A

Waves are refracted by an island so have low energy and deposit sediment, connecting it to the land.

43
Q

Formation of cuspate forelands

A

Two spits either side of a triangular headland meet.

44
Q

Dune succession

A

Embryo - Sand piled up by an object
Yellow - Vegetation grows as the dune gets bigger (Marram grass)
Grey - Moisture & nutrients from plant death create soil, so more plants can grow
Dune slack - Water table rises to the surface or sea water trapped in between
Heath & woodland - Trees can now grow

Physical Geography (3 decks)

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