tectonics

Question 1

what is a plate margin?

Answer 1

where tectonic plates meet

Question 2

Name 3 plate types.

Answer 2

constructive, destructive and conservative

Question 3

Explain conservative plate.

Answer 3

2 plates which have jagged edges move past each other, friction and slip causes them to move resulting in ground shaking.

Question 4

What is the other name for constructive plate margins

Answer 4

divergent

Question 5

Explain constructive plate margins

Answer 5

convection currents push apart plates creating a gap which forms new crust when magma fills gap.

Question 6

What is the other name for destructive plate margins

Answer 6

convergent

Question 7

Explain destructive plate margins.

Answer 7

less dense oceanic plate submerges under continental plate at subduction zone. lands slip past each other causing ground shaking.

Question 8

What are tectonic plates?

Answer 8

different types of crust.

Question 9

Name 2 tectonic plates.

Answer 9

oceanic and continental

Question 10

Describe oceanic plate.

Answer 10

made of basaltic rock and can subduct (sink) is more dense than continental which causes it to subduct.

Question 11

Describe continental plate.

Answer 11

made of granite and cannot subduct as it is less dense, however is thicker than oceanic.

Question 12

Define hazard.

Answer 12

A natural event that has the potential to harm property or life.

Question 13

Define collision zone.

Answer 13

where 2 plates collide.

Question 14

What are intraplate disasters?

Answer 14

those that occur inside plates.

Question 15

What are hotspots?

Answer 15

weaknesses on a plate where there is a mass of rising heat, this results in magma rising.

Question 16

Explain the formation of intra plate volcanoes.

Answer 16

plumes rise creating basaltic volcanoes, land moves but plumes remain stationary, this results in chains of volcanoes.

Question 17

Explain the formation of intra plate earthquakes.

Answer 17

occur in fault lines where there are weaknesses, usually occur due to plates moving.

Question 18

Describe formation of Earth including inner and outer core, mantle and asthenosphere, crust and lithosphere.

Answer 18

inner core is solid, outer core is liquid. mantle and asthenosphere are semi molten, crust and lithosphere form plates.

Question 19

What is Holmes hypothesis about convection currents?

Answer 19

Earth’s radioactive core causes convection currents that move plates.

Question 20

What is gravitational sliding?

Answer 20

ridges in constructive plate cause oceanic plate to move inwards.

Question 21

What is Slab pull?

Answer 21

when plate is pulled inwards via gravitational sliding.

Question 22

what is ridge push?

Answer 22

when magma pushes out of Earth creating a ridge.

Question 23

what is seafloor spreading?

Answer 23

process of creation of new ocean plate.

Question 24

what is palaeomagnetism

Answer 24

when Earth’s magnetic field reverses, this can be seen on crust.

Question 25

Define mid ocean ridge.

Answer 25

a chain of underwater volcanoes created by the process of subduction.

Question 26

Define hypocentre of Earthquake.

Answer 26

Below the epicentre inside the crust.

Question 27

How do Earthquakes occur?

Answer 27

plates are always moving, this builds up tension the release of tension results in shaking.

Question 28

Explain shallow focus, deep focus and underwater Earthquakes.

Answer 28

shallow focus are close to the surface while deep focus are deep in, this may be due to subduction, underwater Earthquakes cause water displacement resulting in a tsunami, if the Earthquake is deep focus then the tsunami will be bigger.

Question 29

Explain P, S and Love waves.

Answer 29

P waves can travel through anything and are fastest, S waves can travel through rock are slower but more damaging than P waves, Love waves can travel through rock are the slowest and the most damaging.

Question 30

What are pyroclastic flows?

Answer 30

mixture of hot ash and gases.

Question 31

What is the wavelength of a wave?

Answer 31

The distance between 2 waves.

Question 32

What is the amplitude of a wave?

Answer 32

The height of a wave.

Question 33

What is meant by drawback and wave train?

Answer 33

Drawback- when water is taken up to form wave | wave train- a series of waves.

Question 34

Tohoku Japan what caused the deaths of many people the primary or secondary disaster?

Answer 34

The tsunami cause the most deaths. response was fast. search and rescue took place, temporary housing and evacuation, better construction.

Question 35

In Christ church how were the people killed?

Answer 35

collapsing of a building which is a primary response, in response they build cardboard buildings. Liquefaction also caused the city to become ruined which impacted the tourist industry and is not back to normal.

Question 36

What occurred after the Haiti Earthquake in 2011?

Answer 36

A cholera outbreak occurred, most people died from the collapse of buildings.

Question 37

Define risk, vulnerability and resilience.

Answer 37

Risk is the likelihood of damage, vulnerability is how high the risk is and resilience is the capacity to cope.

Question 38

Define disaster.

Answer 38

when a hazard occurs and has an impact on land and people.

Question 39

What is the hazard risk equation?

Answer 39

Risk= Hazard*vulnerability/capacity to cope

Question 40

Explain the PAR model.

Answer 40

Pressure and release model explains root causes i.e. lack of governance, dynamic pressures i.e. lack of education and unsafe conditions i.e. weak buildings

Question 41

What are the social, environmental and economic impacts of a country.

Answer 41

Social- affects people and mental health Environmental- how it affects the place economic- how it affects business

Question 42

What is the moment magnitude scale?

Answer 42

Measures seismic waves from 1-10

Question 43

What is the Mercalli scale?

Answer 43

Measures the damage caused by an Earthquake, measures from 1-12

Question 44

What is the VEI?

Answer 44

measures volcanic activity, duration, type of explosion and magma and type of plate.

Question 45

What are Hazard profiles?

Answer 45

Compare different aspects of a disaster, helps find out which areas are most at risk.

Question 46

Explain what happened in Kashmir?

Answer 46

High intensity Earthquake occurred in an isolated area where it took 6 months for help to arrive, due to harsh winter and Ramadan people did not realise that an Earthquake was occurring.

Question 47

Meaning of seismic gap?

Answer 47

An earthquake has not struck that area for a long period of time.

Question 48

How can governments be prepared for hazards?

Answer 48

- monitoring - land use zoning - education - insurance - reforestation

Question 49

what is a gas spectrometer, seismometer and tiltmeter?

Answer 49

measures gas, measure mini Earthquakes and measures as magma rises.

Question 50

What is the Hazard management cycle?

Answer 50

Response- rescue recovery- building infrastructure Mitigation- reducing the next disaster preparation- education

Question 51

What is the park model?

Answer 51

shows how a disaster escalates.

Question 52

How can disasters be modified?

Answer 52

use land use zoning and build infrastructure.

Question 53

How can we modify vulnerability?

Answer 53

community preparedness and education i.e. golden garden exercises.

Question 54

How can we modify loss?

Answer 54

aid after the disaster.

Question 55

How can a building be Earthquake proof?

Answer 55

Deep foundations, cross bracing and counterweights