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geography > tectonics > Flashcards

tectonics Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a plate margin?

A

where tectonic plates meet

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2
Q

Name 3 plate types.

A

constructive, destructive and conservative

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3
Q

Explain conservative plate.

A

2 plates which have jagged edges move past each other, friction and slip causes them to move resulting in ground shaking.

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4
Q

What is the other name for constructive plate margins

A

divergent

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5
Q

Explain constructive plate margins

A

convection currents push apart plates creating a gap which forms new crust when magma fills gap.

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6
Q

What is the other name for destructive plate margins

A

convergent

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7
Q

Explain destructive plate margins.

A

less dense oceanic plate submerges under continental plate at subduction zone. lands slip past each other causing ground shaking.

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8
Q

What are tectonic plates?

A

different types of crust.

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9
Q

Name 2 tectonic plates.

A

oceanic and continental

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10
Q

Describe oceanic plate.

A

made of basaltic rock and can subduct (sink) is more dense than continental which causes it to subduct.

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11
Q

Describe continental plate.

A

made of granite and cannot subduct as it is less dense, however is thicker than oceanic.

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12
Q

Define hazard.

A

A natural event that has the potential to harm property or life.

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13
Q

Define collision zone.

A

where 2 plates collide.

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14
Q

What are intraplate disasters?

A

those that occur inside plates.

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15
Q

What are hotspots?

A

weaknesses on a plate where there is a mass of rising heat, this results in magma rising.

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16
Q

Explain the formation of intra plate volcanoes.

A

plumes rise creating basaltic volcanoes, land moves but plumes remain stationary, this results in chains of volcanoes.

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17
Q

Explain the formation of intra plate earthquakes.

A

occur in fault lines where there are weaknesses, usually occur due to plates moving.

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18
Q

Describe formation of Earth including inner and outer core, mantle and asthenosphere, crust and lithosphere.

A

inner core is solid, outer core is liquid. mantle and asthenosphere are semi molten, crust and lithosphere form plates.

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19
Q

What is Holmes hypothesis about convection currents?

A

Earth’s radioactive core causes convection currents that move plates.

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20
Q

What is gravitational sliding?

A

ridges in constructive plate cause oceanic plate to move inwards.

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21
Q

What is Slab pull?

A

when plate is pulled inwards via gravitational sliding.

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22
Q

what is ridge push?

A

when magma pushes out of Earth creating a ridge.

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23
Q

what is seafloor spreading?

A

process of creation of new ocean plate.

24
Q

what is palaeomagnetism

A

when Earth’s magnetic field reverses, this can be seen on crust.

25
Q

Define mid ocean ridge.

A

a chain of underwater volcanoes created by the process of subduction.

26
Q

Define hypocentre of Earthquake.

A

Below the epicentre inside the crust.

27
Q

How do Earthquakes occur?

A

plates are always moving, this builds up tension the release of tension results in shaking.

28
Q

Explain shallow focus, deep focus and underwater Earthquakes.

A

shallow focus are close to the surface while deep focus are deep in, this may be due to subduction, underwater Earthquakes cause water displacement resulting in a tsunami, if the Earthquake is deep focus then the tsunami will be bigger.

29
Q

Explain P, S and Love waves.

A

P waves can travel through anything and are fastest, S waves can travel through rock are slower but more damaging than P waves, Love waves can travel through rock are the slowest and the most damaging.

30
Q

What are pyroclastic flows?

A

mixture of hot ash and gases.

31
Q

What is the wavelength of a wave?

A

The distance between 2 waves.

32
Q

What is the amplitude of a wave?

A

The height of a wave.

33
Q

What is meant by drawback and wave train?

A

Drawback- when water is taken up to form wave

wave train- a series of waves.

34
Q

Tohoku Japan what caused the deaths of many people the primary or secondary disaster?

A

The tsunami cause the most deaths. response was fast. search and rescue took place, temporary housing and evacuation, better construction.

35
Q

In Christ church how were the people killed?

A

collapsing of a building which is a primary response, in response they build cardboard buildings. Liquefaction also caused the city to become ruined which impacted the tourist industry and is not back to normal.

36
Q

What occurred after the Haiti Earthquake in 2011?

A

A cholera outbreak occurred, most people died from the collapse of buildings.

37
Q

Define risk, vulnerability and resilience.

A

Risk is the likelihood of damage, vulnerability is how high the risk is and resilience is the capacity to cope.

38
Q

Define disaster.

A

when a hazard occurs and has an impact on land and people.

39
Q

What is the hazard risk equation?

A

Risk= Hazard*vulnerability/capacity to cope

40
Q

Explain the PAR model.

A

Pressure and release model explains root causes i.e. lack of governance, dynamic pressures i.e. lack of education and unsafe conditions i.e. weak buildings

41
Q

What are the social, environmental and economic impacts of a country.

A

Social- affects people and mental health
Environmental- how it affects the place
economic- how it affects business

42
Q

What is the moment magnitude scale?

A

Measures seismic waves from 1-10

43
Q

What is the Mercalli scale?

A

Measures the damage caused by an Earthquake, measures from 1-12

44
Q

What is the VEI?

A

measures volcanic activity, duration, type of explosion and magma and type of plate.

45
Q

What are Hazard profiles?

A

Compare different aspects of a disaster, helps find out which areas are most at risk.

46
Q

Explain what happened in Kashmir?

A

High intensity Earthquake occurred in an isolated area where it took 6 months for help to arrive, due to harsh winter and Ramadan people did not realise that an Earthquake was occurring.

47
Q

Meaning of seismic gap?

A

An earthquake has not struck that area for a long period of time.

48
Q

How can governments be prepared for hazards?

A
  • monitoring
  • land use zoning
  • education
  • insurance
  • reforestation
49
Q

what is a gas spectrometer, seismometer and tiltmeter?

A

measures gas, measure mini Earthquakes and measures as magma rises.

50
Q

What is the Hazard management cycle?

A

Response- rescue
recovery- building infrastructure
Mitigation- reducing the next disaster
preparation- education

51
Q

What is the park model?

A

shows how a disaster escalates.

52
Q

How can disasters be modified?

A

use land use zoning and build infrastructure.

53
Q

How can we modify vulnerability?

A

community preparedness and education i.e. golden garden exercises.

54
Q

How can we modify loss?

A

aid after the disaster.

55
Q

How can a building be Earthquake proof?

A

Deep foundations, cross bracing and counterweights

geography (5 decks)

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