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coasts Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a littoral zone?

A

Consists of offshore, nearshore, foreshore and backshore, is a coastal plain and eventually may lead to dynamic equilibrium.

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2
Q

Name an input and output of littoral zone.

A

sediment

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3
Q

Describe high and low energy coastlines

A

destructive waves and greater erosion, constructive waves and lesser erosion.

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4
Q

Describe a concordant coastline.

A

Has bands of soft and hard rock, which are parallel to the sea.

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5
Q

Describe discordant coastline.

A

alternating bands of soft and hard rock perpendicular to sea.

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6
Q

What are Dalmatian coasts caused by?

A

concordant coasts

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7
Q

What are headlands and bays caused by?

A

discordant coasts

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8
Q

What is a dip and its different forms?

A

Dip is the angle of the rock, if towards the sea can cause mass movement if towards land can cause hydraulic action.

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9
Q

What are joints and faults?

A

Weaknesses within the rock and this leads to erosion of rocks if there are more faults and faults.

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10
Q

what does bedrock lithology mean?

A

physical properties of rock.

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11
Q

Explain formation of igneous rocks.

A

formed from magma, has crystals which make it more resistant.

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12
Q

Explain formation of sedimentary rocks.

A

layers of sediment result in rock, which is weaker.

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13
Q

Explain formation of metamorphic rocks.

A

heat changes sedimentary and igneous rocks, rock is metamorphosed, crystals develop.

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14
Q

What are the different plants in dunes?

A

Xerophytes are dry plants and halophytes grow in salty conditions.

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15
Q

What is corrosion?

A

when chemical reactions break down substances.

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16
Q

Describe the formation of a wave cut platform.

A

Sea hits a certain position creating a fault, this results in retreat and a wave cut notch, eventually the cliff overhead breaks.

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17
Q

Explain the formation of stacks, stumps caves etc.

A

Caves, arch, stack, stump.

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18
Q

What are spits, tombolo’s, bars and cuspate forelands?

A

sediment is carried by wind, sediment connects to other land, sediment connects to island, 2 spits form which join creating land.

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19
Q

What is a sediment cell?

A

source where material is found comes via rivers, transfer is where material is moved and sink is where material is deposited.

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20
Q

What is chemical weathering?

A

when chemical composition of rock changes results in rock breakdown. i.e carbon dioxide mixes with rain creating carbonic acid.

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21
Q

What is mechanical weathering?

A

rock breakdown without change in chemical composition.

22
Q

What is biological weathering?

A

rock breakdown by biological beings

23
Q

What are slides, slumps and rockfalls?

A

material falls in straight line, at an angle and material separates.

24
Q

What is isostatic change?

A

when land is uplifted as ice is weighing down on land this results in sea level fall and fossil cliffs.

25
Q

What is eustatic change?

A

When ice melts and increase sea volume resulting in sea level rise.

26
Q

What is tectonic change?

A

when land changes i.e rises due to tectonic plate movement.

27
Q

What is an emergent coastline and what does it create?

A

Fall in sea level coasts, results in fossil cliffs and raised beaches.

28
Q

What is a submergent coastline and what does it create?

A

Rise in sea level, results in fjords, rias and Dalmatians

29
Q

What is the problem with hard engineering?

A

can damage sediment cell, this can ruin entire beaches

30
Q

What are subaerial processes?

A

In land, air processes.

31
Q

What is dredging?

A

Removal of sediment for construction results in retreat.

32
Q

What are weather systems linked to?

A

pressure

33
Q

What are tides linked to?

A

Gravitational pull by the moon.

34
Q

How does wind and seasons affect erosion?

A

Wind moves sediment and seasons depend on energy and tides.

35
Q

What is occurring in Maldives?

A

Removal of mangroves means there is more coastal retreat as there is a lack of trees.

36
Q

What is occurring in Bangladesh?

A

Storm surges affecting bay of bengal, people are building shelters and moving others out of the area also Bangladesh is low lying.

37
Q

What are revetments?

A

Walls that stop erosion, are cheaper but can make it difficult for people to move around beach.

38
Q

What are groynes?

A

fences that are situated inground and stop erosion.

39
Q

What are rip raps?

A

Boulders placed at the front of the beach, are cheap but can cause danger to people.

40
Q

What are offshore breakwaters?

A

line of rocks that create gentler waves however can disrupt waves.

41
Q

What are sea walls?

A

walls of concrete that reflect waves back.

42
Q

What is cliff regrading?

A

Restructuring cliff, so that it doesn’t collapse.

43
Q

What is dune stabilisation?

A

using dunes to protect biological beings

44
Q

What is beach nourishment?

A

depositing sediment from one area to another, this is very expensive.

45
Q

What is ICZM?

A

Holistic coastal management. views all aspects i.e social, economic etc before building a defence.

46
Q

What is considered in ICZM?

A

residents buildings
economy
natural environment.

47
Q

What are advantages of this scheme?

A

Conserves area, makes everyone happy, reduces unwanted resources.

48
Q

What is shoreline management?

A
  • strategic realignment= physical processes work naturally
  • Advance the line= building of protection
  • no active intervention= no involvement on protection
  • hold the existing defences= making sure that the existing defences are working and maintained.
49
Q

What is a cost benefit analysis?

A

to see if something is worth installing.

50
Q

What is the environmental impact assessment?

A

if something damages the environment.

geography (5 decks)

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