Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Edexcel A-level Geography > Tectonic processes and Hazards > Flashcards

Tectonic processes and Hazards Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
U.S. Geography flashcards World Geography flashcards
1
Q

What was the name of the man who first Proposed the Tectonic Plate theory?

A

Alfred Weneger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What was the name given to Weneger’s theory?

A

Continental Drift Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What did Weneger base his theory upon?

A

Fossils from similar species were found oceans apart, (fossils from east SA were found on west Africa and these continents fit together)

Similar geology on different continents

Shapes of continents fit together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why did people not accept Weneger’s theory at first?

A

Because he couldn’t explain why the continents had moved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What did the invention of Sonar reveal?

A

That there were geological features on the sea floor, people began to measure sea depth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What property of the mantle was discovered in 1919 using seismic waves and how did this help Weneger to prove his theory?

A

The mantle is Semi-Plastic, this meant that Convection currents existed in the mantle.
A convection current helped Weneger put a reason behind his theory.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What did scientists map in 1954 where they discovered a worldwide pattern?

A

Volcanic eruptions and earthquake epicentres.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What was the name of Hess & Dietz’s developed theory?

A

Sea Floor Spreading

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the principles of sea floor spreading?

A

Magma rises from the mantle through a fault, this then cools underwater forming new crust. This new crust is made at the boundary ridge and forces existing crust outwards.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Palaeomagnetism?

A

Palaeomagnetism is where magnetic directions of older rock were found to face different directions than that of newer rock. Showing the sea floor was moving.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How was palaeomagnetism significant to Hess & Dietz?

A

It helped them to give evidence for their theory of sea floor spreading, helping it to be accepted by scientists.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why was the first commercial GPS significant in proving plate theory?

A

Allowed people to track movement of the crust themselves
people could conduct independent research
Explained the tectonic theory.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What boundaries do volcanos form on?

A

Divergent and Convergent (Subduction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How is the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) calculated

A 
Volume of Ejecta
Height of eruption
Qualitative descriptions
Past activity
Height of Ash Cloud
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 3 main typed of lava

A

Andesitic, Basaltic and Rhyolitic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why are Andesitic and Rhyolitic lava more explosive than Basaltic lava

A

Because they have a high viscosity and high gas content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

At what volcano type would you find Basaltic Lava

A

Shield

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are Pyroclastic Flows?

A

A mixture of hot rock, lava, ash and gas that is ejected from the volcano.
Travels at +60mph and is often fatal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the cast study for pyroclastic flows?

A

Montserrat , Caribbean, 1995

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

At what boundaries do Earthquakes occur

A

Conservative, Convergent (both destructive and constructive)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the Benioff Zone?

A

The line of smaller seismic hazards along the subducted plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is an intra-plate earthquake?

A

an earthquake that occurs not at a plate boundary

Caused by stresses at an ancient fault line that can sometimes crack.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Define a Natural Hazard

A

A naturally occuring process or event that has the potential to affect people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Define a natural disaster

A

A major natural hazard that causes significant social, environmental or economic damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Define vulnerability

A

The ability to anticipate, cope with and recover from a natural hazard

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How are Island arcs formed

A

When 2 oceanic plates meet and 1 is subducted

magma rises from the trench and cools forming underwater volcanos, these volcanos can eventually get so big they reach the waters surface forming and island arc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the name given to the area surrounding NA, Asia and NZ that has very high tectonic activity

A

The Pacific Ring of Fire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are P waves

A

P waves are the fastest waves
they are a longitudinal wave
The travel through both solids and liquids
Not very damaging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are S waves

A

Slower waves
Only travel through solids
transverse waves
Much more damaging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are Love Waves

A

They are the slowest waves
Only found at larger earthquakes and near epicentre
The most destructive wave type

31
Q

Give 2 examples of primary effects of earthquakes

A

Ground Shaking

Crustal Fracturing

32
Q

Give 3 examples of secondary effects of earthquakes

A

Liquifaction

Landslides/ Avalanches

Tsunamis

33
Q

What are the general socio-economic impacts of volcanic eruptions

A

Death

Buildings and infrastructure destroyed

Houses destroyed

Increased Unemployment

Young people leaving the area (top-heavy population pyramid)

34
Q

What scale is used to measure volcanic eruptions

A

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI)

35
Q

What can scientists use to predict volcanic eruptions

A

Small earthquakes cause by pressure inside the volcano

Changes on the surface of the volcano and it pushes outwards

Change in the tilt of the volcano as the magma moves inside

Gas leaks out of the volcano

36
Q

Describe how a tsunami is formed

A

Earth quake or landslide underwater throws a column of water into the air
This falls back down sending a very fast wave in all directions
This wave travels until it reaches a coastline
The friction caused by the sea bed at shallower water causes ‘wave shoalling’
This is where the wave is compressed and increases in height
Then it hits the shore

37
Q

Give examples of impacts of a Tsunami

A

Damage to buildings and infrastructure

Small islands could be completely destroyed

Death (drowning, hit by debris)

38
Q

How can a Tsunami be predicted?

A

like an earthquake, it is difficult to predict a tsunami

Early warning systems have been set up in the Pacific Ocean which uses buoys to monitor changes in sea level

39
Q

Give an example of when a Tsunami warning system was used

A

Japan 2011, warnings were sent out only 3 minutes after the earthquake which gave people enough time to evacuate before the tsunami hit

However, it underestimated the size of the tsunami so many people didn’t evacuate

40
Q

Describe causes and impacts of a case study example of a tsunami in an LIC

A

Indian Ocean tsunami, December 2004

mag 9 earthquake

Many countries affected were LICs so had no warning system

230,000 died
1.7 million left homeless
Thailand, $25 million per month lost from tourism
Water supplies and soil contaminated by salt

41
Q

What is the Hazard-Risk equation?

A

Risk = (Hazard x Vulnerability) / Capacity to cope

42
Q

What is the case study for Earthquakes in contrasting countries?

A

Haiti vs Japan

43
Q

Compare and contrast the impacts of the Haiti 2010 and Japan 2011 earthquakes

A

Haiti. Japan

mag 7.0 mag 9.0

300,000 dead 20,000 dead

1.3 million homeless 130,000 homeless

$14 billion costs $240 billion

Social impacts were far worse in Haiti however economic damages were worse in Japan

44
Q

What is the Degg’s Model?

A

Shows the relationship between hazards and a vulnerability and how both are required to cause a natural disaster

45
Q

Describe the PAR model

A

Shows a countries vulnerability to hazards

3 stages that cause vulnerability: Root causes, Dynamic pressures, unsafe conditions

one stage causes the next and combined with a hazard event they lead to disaster

46
Q

Describe the PAR model for the Haiti 2010 earthquake

A

Root causes:
Heavily in debt
Corrupt government
80% of population lived below poverty line

Dynamic Pressures:
No disaster preparation or management systems
Rapid urbanisation with slum-like housing
Deforestation and soil degradation allowed landslides

Unsafe conditions:
Liquefaction amplified seismic waves
Unsafe housing 
Buildings were constructed quickly and cheaply
Poor infrastructure meant poor response
<50% of people had access to clean water
47
Q

Give a case study example of an earthquake in an emerging (BRIC) country?

A

Sichuan, China 2008

Magnitude 7.9 earthquake

48
Q

How did the impacts of the Sichuan earthquake differ to those in Haiti?

A

They were similar as many people were injured and there was a lot of economic loss. Also some buildings were not safely built so fell easier

However, China’s government sent 130,000 soldiers and relief workers to the area
Medical services were restored
People most at risk were relocated
Government gave $10 billion for rebuilding
Within 2 weeks many houses were being rebuilt

49
Q

What steps had Japan made to prepare for the 2011 earthquake?

A

Buildings built to withstand earthquakes

Educated population on how to act in an earthquake

10-metre high tsunami walls

offices and homes have emergency kits

Early warning systems

50
Q

What did Japan do in response to the earthquake in 2011?

A

110,000 troops deployed immediately

All radio and TV shows broadcast what to do

Bank of Japan offered $183 billion to support economy

Japan accepted recovery aid from over 20 countries

51
Q

Assess the statement that ‘the world is becoming more hazardous’

A

Number of natural disasters has risen dramatically since 1960

This could be down to improved monitoring and reporting
Geophysical disasters have stayed at a fairly constant rate, meteorological hazards have increased drastically

Less people die now than in the past
average economic damages for a disaster have increased from $20 billion to $100 billion in just 20 years

52
Q

Why might data on natural disasters be inaccurate?

A

The focus is on rescue not data collection

There are differences in data collection and classification

Some hazards occur in remote areas and aren’t as well documented

53
Q

What would have a faster speed of onset, Earthquake or Volcanic eruption?

A

Earthquake

54
Q

What would have a longer duration, earthquake or volcanic eruption

A

Volcanic eruption

55
Q

What would have the more widespread areal extent, earthquake or volcanic eruption

A

Earthquake

56
Q

What has the most predictable spatial predictability, earthquake or volcanic eruption

A

Both are predictable because they only tend to happen on plate boundries

57
Q

What has a higher frequency, earthquake or volcanic eruption

A

Earthquake

58
Q

Give the case study example for a multiple hazard zone

A

The Philippines

59
Q

Give examples of the range of hazards that occur in the Pilippines

A

Volcanos and earthquakes - located on the pacific ring of fire

Tsunamis - located in the Pacific, the most tsunami-prone ocean

Hurricanes - Sits in the South East-Asian Typhoon belt. Has 15 typhoons per year

Steep topography- makes landslides common

60
Q

What factors are increasing the Philippines vulnerability to hazards?

A

Rapid urbanisation and high population density

The poor live on the coast and are exposed to storms and tsunamis

25% of population live in poverty

61
Q

What are the 4 stages of the Hazard management cycle?

A

Mitigation

Preparedness

Response

Recovery

62
Q

Give examples of hazard mitigation

A

Plan zoning and Land use

Enforce building codes

Build defences e.g tsunami walls

Hazard resistant design

63
Q

Give examples of hazard preparedness (hazard management cycle)

A

Implement early warning systems

Organise services and evacuation

Raise awareness, e.g earthquake drills

64
Q

Give examples of hazard response

A

Search and rescue of missing people

Restore infrastructure as quickly as possible

Ensure medical care and law enforcement continue

65
Q

Give examples of short term hazard recovery

A

Restore health, power, transport, water and financial services

Remove debris and clean up

Provide food and shelter for those effected

66
Q

Give examples of long term hazard recovery

A

Rebuild homes, schools, infrastructure and business

Some countries ‘build back better’ where infrastructure improves when it is rebuild after as hazard

67
Q

What is the name of the model which describes how countries respond to a hazard?

A

The Park Model

68
Q

How might the shape of the park model differ between an LIC and a HIC?

A

In a HIC the curve would be shorter as there is quicker response and reconstruction is quicker

In a LIC the curve would be longer and may never reach a normal level again as they can’t afford to fully reconstruct

69
Q

Give some examples of hazard adaption strategies

A

Hi-Tech monitoring - GIS, Early warning systems, Satellites to transmit data, Mobile Phones

Crisis mapping - After Haiti 2010, a map was created showing all people who are in need of food etc for volunteers to use

Modelling hazard impacts - using algorithms to predict likely impacts of hazards

Public education - regular drills, making emergency kits, etc

70
Q

Who are the key players in managing loss?

A

Aid donors

NGO’s

Insurance companies

Local communities

71
Q

What are the different ways aid can be provided for a tectonic hazard?

A

Cash

Personnel

Services

Equipment

72
Q

How are NGO’s involved in managing loss?

A

When a countries government is struggling to do it themselves

Provide funds, co-ordinate search and rescue and start reconstruction

NGO’s can assist in recovery by rebuilding schools, medical centres and housing

73
Q

How are insurance companies involved in managing loss?

A

They help to cover economic losses of businesses or individuals after a hazard

$54 billion was spent in 2011 as a result of earthquakes

74
Q

How are local communities involved in managing loss?

A

They are often very involved in search and rescue

Especially in isolated, rural communities

Edexcel A-level Geography (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions