Regenerating places Flashcards
What gives a place its ‘identity’?
Physical characteristics - e.g mountains
Human characteristics - multicultural populations, cultures
Why may people have a sense of ‘belonging’ in a certain area?
Family and friends are there also
Where they grew up
religious communities
Ethnic diasporas
What is rebranding and why is it important?
Changing a negative image of an area
Can help to encourage new investment leading to redevelopment
What is the ‘old economy’?
Primary and secondary sector employment
What is the ‘new economy’?
Tertiary and quaternary employment
Why has there been a decrease in the old economy in the uk?
Tory government in 1980’s outsourced a lot of primary and secondary jobs to Asia as it was cheaper
Global shift
What is the ‘Knowledge economy’?
Quaternary employment
High salary jobs for highly educated and highly skilled graduates
Give an example of an area that has been redeveloped to accommodate the knowledge economy
London Docklands, Canary Wharf
What are the 5 main socio-economic inequalities?
Regional income inequalities Variations in quality of life Income and life expectancy Income and health Variations in educational achievement
How has containerisation and the global shift impacted the London docklands?
Closure of the Port of London
London Gateway has been developed to allow large container ships to dock
What were the social impacts of London Dockland closures?
12000 lost jobs crating 60% unemployment
People left to seek work
Population fell by 100,000
What did the government do in response to London Dockland Closure?
market-led regeneration of the area
Improved housing and business to make it more attractive to live in
What is the role of Canary Wharf in London?
Second CBD
High rise office buildings and high employment in knowledge economy
Still deprivation in Docklands, Newham had 27% earning under £7/hour, most out of any borough
What impact did development of Canary Wharf have on infrastructure?
Improved transport, extension to Jubilee line and Docklands Light Railway
How has the Docklands population changed?
Older peopled retired to areas like Essex
Large scale immigration in 2000’s led to increased diversity
How has the change in economy and employment impacted peoples sense of ‘belonging’
People commute to work so don’t live near to colleagues
People work from home so don’t see colleagues as much
Ethnic in-migration has replaced traditional communities
Gentrification has increased price of housing in areas and people can’t afford the change
What are Centripetal forces?
Factors binding communities together
What are Centrifugal forces?
Factors forcing communities apart
State ways of measuring regeneration (qualitative and quantitative)
Photos Interviews quality of life amount of Investment Environmental quality surveys (EQS)
What makes Sydney a Global city?
Rapid population growth
Diverse cultures (1.5 million people born abroad) (250 different languages spoken)
Large employment in knowledge economy
Give 4 reasons why Sydney is ‘successful’?
Strong economy - leading financial city for Asia/Pacific
High Incomes - Sydney had very high income however cost of living is expensive too
Attractive for Businesses - government policy has promoted business by deregulating banks
Sun-Belt - The hot climate has attracted people to live here causing rapid urbanisation
What is the rust-belt?
An area in North east USA where towns were heavily industrialised but have since become derelict
Why did towns in the rust-belt start to decline?
Overseas competition
mechanisation of coal mines
lower wage-costs in southern states so steel and car industries relocated
Why are there still some coal mines open in America?
Government subsidises the industry in order to prevent a spiral of decline (negative multiplier) effect
Name a city that impacted by deindstrialisation in USA
Detroit
Name a town in ‘coal country’ that has been impacted by deindustrialisation
Beattyville
What are the social impacts of deindustrialisation in Beattyville?
median income was $12,000/year (25% of the national average)
33% of teenagers didn’t finish high school
Drug overdoses caused 56% of accidental death
men’s life expectancy was 8 years less than national average
What is a modern case study of a ‘strong community’?
Grampound is a village in mid Cornwall
A community shop set up in 2014 that was funded and run by the village. They raised £50,000 to set it up
Benefited local business as well as the elderly locals
What are the factors leading to Grampound’s sense of community?
Size - it is a small village which increases interaction
A working village - people both work and live there
Key people - willing to stand in elections and raise money
Range of activities - despite its size it has a wide range of clubs
Politicians - The county councilor lives in Grampound and is involved in local affairs, people feel informed
Describe the trends in engagement in local and general elections in UK
Less people vote in local elections than general elections
Even then national turnout has gone from 82.6% in 1951 to 66% in 2015
What is is called when people feel removed from the centre of power?
Voter Apathy
What the the factors causing increased voter apathy?
Lack of engagement in local issues
Geographical distance from power centre
Lack of engagement in national issues
feeling that the system doesn’t benefit them
How does engagement vary with age?
People over 60 are more likely to vote
can sway the vote in their favour
How does engagement in elections vary with ethnicity and length of residence?
Ethnic groups and neo-immigrants may vote less as they do not understand the process in the UK
Places with short lengths of residence have less voter engagement
How does engagement vary with deprivation?
some news outlets claim that ‘the poor don’t vote’
However sometimes if groups feel that the government is neglecting them they will vote to try make a change
Who are the main players in regeneration?
Central Government
Local Government
Private investors
Locals
What were the social, economic and environmental needs for regeneration in Canning Town?
Social - needed improved housing and health facilities. lots of adults had no educational qualifications
Economic - Needed employment only 38% of adults were in full time employment and high numbers of people claiming benefits
Environmental - dock closure caused dereliction which could be made into parkland
What happened during regeneration of Canning town?
10,000 new affordable houses (particularly family size)
Job and training schemes for locals improved employment
buildings for primary and secondary schools improved
new health centre, library and community centre opened
What is HS2 and why is it controversial?
Planned high speed rail to link London, Birmingham and the north
It is controversial because people think it will cause environmental damage and others think it will improve the British rail network
Why is HS2 thought to be better than road investment?
UK has some of Europe’s most congested roads
Congestion costs £22 billion in lost time
HS2 would save this time
What are the advantages of HS2?
Faster journeys between London and Birmingham and then the North
60,000 construction jobs
regeneration of the cities it links
What are the disadvantages of HS2?
It will damage AONB’s such as the Chilterns
Cause a brain drain as people commute from north to London easier
How much will HS2 cost the government?
£50 billion
Why are rural areas declining?
Loss of investment from governments
Difficult to attract private investment because population density is low
What challenges does Cornwalls economy face?
Lowest average earnings for any county
Lack of investment
Young, well-qualified people leave to find work causing a brain drain
What is match funding?
Where the government will match the amount raised by individuals
Who are the key players in Cornwall?
The EU UK central government Cornwall Council Environmental Stakeholders Stakeholders in education
What is Objective one?
An EU project to raise rural incomes
Gave Cornwall investment
Give 5 examples of regeneration in Cornwall?
Superfast broadband - 95% of Cornwall now has access boosting knowledge economy
Watergate Bay - Extreme Sports academy offers surf lessons, employs 50-60 people and boosts tourism
Universities - Had reduced brain drain and boosted rented market and evening market
Wave Hub - A wave power project off Cornwalls coast, if it works will provide 170 jobs
Eden Project - consists of 2 biomes, education centre and hostel, cost £140 million, has generated £2 billion and employs 650 people
Give an example of gentrification in your local area
The Quayside
Was an area in decline due to outsourcing of manufacturing
£10 million of investment to revive it
Now is a centre of culture and business in the north east
Give an example of studentification in your local area
Durham
Specific areas in Durham have become dominated by students
This has led to tensions over noise and litter with people who have lived their longer
It has also caused house prices to rise in certain areas meaning some locals can no longer afford their houses
However, does bring benefits like increased spending in local businesses and improved local economy
What is de-centralisation?
Movement of offices or retail areas out of the centre of town and towards the outskirts
Takes business and cash flow away from high streets and town
Give an example of de-centralisation in your local area
Silverlink retail park
What is Suburbanisation?
The movement of people from more central areas to the outskirts
Give an example of Suburbanisation in your local area
Gosforth Great Park
Give an example of deindustrialisation in your local area
The Quayside during the 1980’s
Used to be famous for shipbuilding and coal exports
Outsourcing of these industries under the Thatcher government led to rapid deindustrialisation
What does the Clark Fisher Model represent?
The proportions of different employment sectors in a country
Describe the Clark Fisher Model of the UK
Used to have larger primary and secondary industries due to coal and steel manufacturing
These industries took a huge decline in the 1980’s and the rise of the ‘new economy’ began
Now there are more tertiary sector jobs and even beginning to be a rise in quaternary sector jobs also
What specific attractions and areas have turned the Gateshead Quayside into a cultural centre?
Baltic Art Gallery - Constructed as a flour mill in the 1950s, it became derelict during the 1980s. In 1995 it was regenerated into the art gallery and still displays today
The Sage - Constructed in 2004 as a state-of-the-art opera house and music venue. Turned the derelict river banks into a centre for music
What are the 6 different ways a place can rebrand?
Sport
Cultural
Education
Retail
Entertainment
Science and Tech
How will investment change peoples perception of an area?
Areas with high investment are often seen to be more affluent and more desirable than areas with less investment
Investment can be used to change peoples perceptions of an area. E.g the Quayside used to be perceived as a dangerous and rundown area however after investment now people perceive it as an affluent area and a cultural hub
What are the social, economic and political impacts of changing employment sectors?
Social class is being replaced by knowledge and skill
Places are less ‘parochial’ (tied to birthplace) as people travel more
Globalisation has encouraged the development of science and tech (quaternary sector)
What social indicators can be used to describe what a place is like?
Unemployment rate - more unemployment means less affluent
Literacy Rate - higher literacy rate tends to mean more affluence
Crime rate - affluent areas tend to have a lower crime rate
% of people in Council housing - less affluent areas have more people in council housing or old council houses (after the right to buy scheme)
Compare social factors in Bridges ward, Gateshead and St Mary’s ward, North Tyneside
St Mary’s has an older population with the biggest group between 30-75 whereas bridges is between 20-59
Bridges has less academic achievement (10.4% have a level 4+ compared to 40.6% in St Mary’s)
More people own their houses in St Marys than in Bridges which is a sign of affluence (31% in Bridges, 93.2% in St Mary’s)
What are some Quantitative ways of measuring rebranding?
Land Use survey
Census Data
Graffiti Assessment
House Prices
Produce Price Analysis
Environmental Quality Survey
What are some Qualitative ways of measuring rebranding?
Questionnaires
Common Perceptions of the Area
Photographs
Land Use change (using old photos and maps)
Analysing rebranding marketing material
Oral Histories
What is cultural imperialism?
It is the process of promoting one country’s culture (often a large and powerful nation) in another country. Almost forces the other country to start to integrate that culture
What is the Cumulative Causation Model? give an example of where it is relevant
Shows how when a new industry or company sets up in an area it leads to increased income and affluence in that area by a range of different mechanisms
San Francisco, Apple
Apple set up in San Fran
Created jobs in more industries. This meant there had to be more skilled workers there. This led to an increase in demand for shops and services which led to increased population and therefore increased income from taxes
Also led to innovation which meant the area became more attractive for other businesses and so the tertiary sector grew along with more construction which led to increased income from taxes
Give an example of successful rebranding of a city over the years
Manchester
During the industrial revolution boomed as a cotton manufacturer. Known as a ‘Cottonopolis’, however, when they outsourced cotton in the 1920s it declined
1980s Manchester was re-imaged into a centre for culture and music with bands like Joy Division and The Smiths. This earned it the nickname ‘Madchester’
Has had other re-imaging effects in certain parts of the city such as the ‘Gay Village’ which was one of the safest places for the LGBTQ community in the UK. Some know this area as ‘Gaychester’
