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Geography - Mr Harris paper 1 > Tectonic hazards > Flashcards

Tectonic hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

Define active, dormant and extinct volcanoes

A

active: is erupting or expected to react in the near future
dormant: is not erupting but has erupted since written records began

Extinct: Not erupting now nor likely to in the future

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2
Q

What are interplate volcanoes?

A

Volcanoes along plate margins

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3
Q

What intraplate volcanoes?

A

Volcanoes occurring over hot spots, mid plate

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4
Q

What factors determine the potential risk of a volcano?

A
  • scale
  • type of eruption
  • frequency of eruption
  • lava type
  • eruption duration
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5
Q

What is mafic magma?

A 
Magma that has:
-low silica
-high iron and magnesium
content 
and is usually basalt
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6
Q

What is felsic magma?

A 
Magma that has:
-high silica 
-low iron and magnesium
content 
and is usually rhyolite
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7
Q

What is the plane of rapture?

A

A fault

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8
Q

What is the hypo centre?

A

The location of movement or energy release. also called the focus.

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9
Q

What is more damaging, a shallow or deep focus?

A

A shallow focus is more damaging

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10
Q

What are oceanic fracture zones?

A

a belt of activity through the oceans, along the mid-ocean ridges.

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11
Q

What are continental fracture zones?

A

A belt of activity following the mountain ranges.

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12
Q

How do ‘p’ waves move the rock?

A

They push and pull

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13
Q

What is a Rayleigh wave?

A

The type of wave that causes most of the effects of earthquakes as it moves the ground up and down as well as side to side.

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14
Q

What is a locked fault?

A

A fault that is not slipping because of the resistance caused by the friction.

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15
Q

What are ambient gases?

A

Environmental gases that are available to organisms.

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16
Q

Name 4 common primary impacts of volcanoes

A
  • Tephra/volcanic bombs
  • pyroclastic flow
  • lava flows
  • volcanic gas/ash clouds
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17
Q

What are pyroclastic flows?

A

The most deadly volcanic hazards, a river of burning ash and rock running down the side of a volcano.

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18
Q

What is tephra?

A

They are volcanic bombs or thick ash that are ejected from the volcano.
When this builds up is causes roofs to collapse.

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19
Q

What are some of the possible causes of tsunamis

A
  • earthquakes
  • landslides
  • slumps
20
Q

What is the name of the process by which waves grow in size, as the shore pushes the wave up

A

Wave shoaling

21
Q

What human and physical factors affect the impact of tsunamis?

A

HUMAN

  • Warning systems/evac. procedures
  • Level of urbanisation + structural strength
  • Availability of Sea defences
  • population density

Physical

  • Height above sea level/topography of land
  • Natural sea defences/barriers/mangrove
  • beach profile (affects wave shoaling)
  • Time of day (preparation)
22
Q

What is a disaster?

A

A serious disruption to a community, creating a problem which exceeds the capabilities of the affect community to cope

23
Q

What is the purpose of the risk hazard formula?

A

To show how at risk different countries are from hazards

24
Q

What is the risk intolerance line?

A

The level of hazard which when passed, creates a problem which cannot be solved by the countries own recourses.

25
Q

What is resilience?

A

The ability to resist and recover from the effect of a hazard

26
Q

What factors influence economic impacts of tectonic hazards?

A
  • geographical location
  • level of development
  • total number of people affected and the speed of economic recovery
  • degree of urbanisation
  • GDP
27
Q

What is the pressure and release model?

A

progression of vulnerability -> Disaster

root causes+dynamic pressures+unsafe conditions

28
Q

What different factors contribute to our knowledge of the earths structure?

A
  • Magnetic field
  • Rock type
  • Seismic waves
  • tectonic plate theory
29
Q

What is the use of a hazard profile?

A

Used to compare the physical processes that all hazards share.

30
Q

What is some geological evidence that supports plate tectonic theory? 4

A
  1. The fit of South America and Africa.
  2. Glaciation evidence; deposits found in South America, Antarctica and India that are unexplainable by their present position.
  3. Rock sequences in northern Scotland and eastern Canada - laid down under the same conditions in one location.
  4. Appalachian Mountains chain - goes from the northeastern U.S. to Ireland, GB and Greenland, despite the Atlantic Ocean being in the way.
31
Q

How does palaeomagnetism support plate tectonic theory?

A

Palaeomagnetism is evidence as when the Earth’s magnetic field reversed from North to South and so on, iron particles in the erupting magma either side of the ridge cooled and aligned themselves with the Earth’s polarity at that time. These have then moved away from the ridge with the tectonic plate, showing how tectonic plates have moved.

This is further supported by the age of rocks either side of the ridge increasing the further away from the ridge.

32
Q

What is some biological evidence that supports plate tectonic theory?

A

Fossil remains of plant species and animals have been found in separate continents, suggesting that they were once joined as the animals could not have crossed the sea. e.g. Mesosaurus fossil remains - found in both South America and southern Africa.

Suggesting the North American and European continents used to be joined.

33
Q

What is a mega-disaster?

A

A large scale disaster on an Arial scale, or in terms of their huge economic/human impact.

34
Q

What is a stakeholder?

A

Someone who is connected to an event/project/situation

35
Q

What are hydro-meteorological hazards and why can they be more of a problem when alongside other hazards?

A

Natural hazards caused by climatic processes like storms/droughts.
They can increase the intensity of other hazards because of additional problems such as limiting food supplies, creating transport issues or strong winds could spread ash from volcanoes further.

36
Q

What makes the Philippines so vulnerable?

A

Because it is a multiple hazard zone, with inadequate resources to cope with the hazard.

37
Q

What are some ways countries predict tectonic hazards?

A
  • Dart system (tsunami detection)
  • monitoring movement with seismometers (earthquakes)
  • gas monitoring, increased levels of gas output from volcanoes indicates an incoming eruption
  • tiltmeters, increased ‘swelling’ indicates an incoming eruption
38
Q

What are the three different types of responses to hazards?

A
  • Modifying the hazard event
  • Modifying the vulnerability and resilience
  • Modifying the loss
39
Q

What does ‘Modifying the hazard event’ mean?

A

It refers to a management technique which aims to control the impacts through a physical fix.
For example,
-hazard resistant building design
-diverting floods, lava flows

40
Q

What does ‘modifying the vulnerability and resilience’ mean?

A

Involves aiming to reduce a communities vulnerability by increasing awareness and preparedness of the community. For example,

  • prediction/warning/evacuation
  • awareness/education
  • land use planning, to avoid hazardous areas
41
Q

What does ‘modifying the loss’ mean?

A

Involves trying to reduce the impact of the hazard, once it has occurred. For example,

  • sharing of economic demands and aid amongst Charites and other governments world wide
  • using disaster insurance, so that the people affected don’t lose as much`
42
Q

How can buildings be made more disaster resistant

A

Aseismic buildings that have:

  • deep foundations
  • use cross-bracing
  • have counterweights to resist earthquake damage.
43
Q

Why are some communities more vulnerable than others to tectonic hazards?

A
  • Location (phillapines)
  • Population density
  • GDP
  • Corruption (building codes) (haiti)
  • Preparedness/mitigation (early warning systems/evacuation procedures)
  • Demographic (new orleans - older/poor cant afford to evacuate)

PEEL
(Point Evidence Explain Link)

44
Q

How is important is governance in successful management of disasters?

A

Are very important

  • Disaster management has a significant impact on the losses
  • importance for modifying vulnerability and loss
  • Japan suffered far less losses due to effective management
  • haiti vs china

Are less important

  • extreme events are likely to pose serious challenges for any governance, however well-planned
  • Often unpredictable and always unpreventable
  • Limited severely by budget/economic strength of country
45
Q

Why are some communities more vulnerable than others to tectonic hazards?

A
  • Location (phillapines)
  • Population density
  • GDP
  • Corruption (building codes) (haiti)
  • Preparedness/mitigation (early warning systems/evacuation procedures)
  • Demographic (new orleans)
46
Q

What might mislead us in to thinking we are living in a more hazardous world?

A
  • Improvement in monitoring and recording events increasing the number of reported events
  • Improvements in communications allow live coverage through media to broadcast to a greater number of people
  • Increasing population densities in hazardous areas
  • Increased urbanisation increasing flood risk

Geography - Mr Harris paper 1 (7 decks)

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