Tectonic case study facts/figures Flashcards
Montserrat 1995 volcano impact
19 killed
monitoring resulted in evacuation of 2/3 of the Capital Plymouth and creation of exclusion zones
capital covered by 3m of ash, destroying 75% of infrastructure
Montserrat 1995 hazard
3m ash
Mt St Helens 1980 volcano
61 death
pyroclastic flow ejected 5 miles vertically close to the ground, highly explosive VEI 5 acidic magma
thoroughly monitored, warnings and evacuation of residents/walkers within 5 mile radius
Martinque 1902 volcano
Almost 30,000 deaths
3rd most deadliest volcano
pyroclastic flow at 200kph + 700 degrees
VEI 5
Eyjafjallökul 2010
economic mega-disaster
hazard= ash cloud
global airline capacity cut by 30% (mainly in Europe)
airlines lost US$1.7 billion in revenues
Kenya’s economy suffered, 20% of income relies on exporting green vegetables/flowers to Europe
Effects of Nyiragongo 2002 volcanic eruption
15% of Goma destroyed (45,000 buildings)
50,000 fled the city of Goma, refugees in Rwanda
Hazard of Nyiragongo volcano
Fluid lava flow, 40 kph and 3m thick
responses to Nyiragongo 2002 eruption
World Food Programme provided emergency food for 460,000 people.
Nepal 2015 earthquake - vulnerabilities
75% mountainous terrain
monsoon season saturated ground
over 50% of population in poverty
80% of urban houses owner built
Kathmandu religiouss temple not maintained in 100 years
multiple hazard zone
impacts of Nepal 2015 earthquake
3 million homeless
US$ 5 billion in damages
1.4 million in need of food, shelter and water
19 killed by Mount Everest Avalanch
Landslide blocked Kali Gandaki River
Haiwaiian Hotspot overview
pacific plate moves over mantle plume at rate of 10cm per year
eight islands ‘Hawaii-Emperor seamount chain’
bend in chain shows change in tectonic plate direction
Big Island= youngest and active, five shield volcanoes
Hawaiian hotspot management
1912 Hawaiian Volcanic Observatory - provides 24/7 monitoring with seismometers, tiltmeters, gas monitors and thermal imaging. Staffed by 200 workers, successfully used for public communication and evacuation on website
Kilauea 2018 volcanic eruption
constant 1 month
320 000 Olympic swimming pools of lava
$800 million in property damage
mandatory 17 block 24 hour notice evacuation
Mauna Loa 1984 volcanic eruption
220 mill cm3 of lava
lava flow travelled 48km2
damaged cables and roads
Gas Eruptions
Kilauea 2,000 tonnes of sulphur daily
San Andreas fault line overview
Pacific and North American plate meet at conservative plate boundary
series of locked faults generating extensive shallow focus earthquakes
near highly populated Los Angeles (400 million) and San Franciso
Loma Prierta earthquake 1989 impacts
San Andreas fault line
magnitude 6.9
La Marina district most effected- built on landfill, soft sandy soil liquefied causing buildings and roads to collapse.
Cypress Freeway collapse caused 42/64 deaths, costing US$1.2 billion to rebuild
Pacific Ring of Fire overview
75% of worlds volcanoes
90% of worlds earthquakes
Network of mainly convergent plate boundaries with deep ocean trenches and subduction zones
Surrounds Pacific Ocean including Japan, Phillipines, South America and New Zealand
lava flow Iceland
1873 Iceland 22% of the population died from famine resulting from five month continous lava flow
lahar eruptions
1985 Columbia lahar killed 23,000 people in a village located at the bottom of a slope.
Philippines multiple hazard zone example
1991 Mt Pinatubo volcanic eruption and Typhoon
Ash deposits remobalised by typhoon rains into lahars, killed 700 people.
Heavy saturated ash fallen on houses destroying infrastructure
Ash cloud rose 22 miles, blown globally by typhoon winds, deposits of fine ash as far as Indian Ocean.
Iceland successful volcanic management
1973 Iceland sprayed over 6 mil cm3 of water onto lava flow preventing it from reaching the main fishing port.
Italy successful volcano management
Mount Etna lava flow successfully blocked by 18m high concrete barrier, protected tourist area.
Indian Ocean 2004 Boxing Day Tsunami overview
Magnitude 9 earthquake, triggering up to 17m waves
effected 14 countries and 5 million people
200,000 deaths
70% of people in coastal settlement killed
Thailand - 12 000 unemployed from declining tourism industry, lost US$25 million per month
total damage US$10 billion
80% Indonesian infrastructure destroyed
Indian Ocean Boxing Day Tsunami responses
US government funded Early Warning Sytem in 2006, 27 nations signed up to be connected to the programme.
Conflict between Tamil Tiger Rebel Group and Sri Lanka government delayed aid for five months.
One year later 50,000 people still missing
Japan Tsunami Management
1933- government gave financial incentives to move settlments inland as part of land management stratergy, failed sue to shortage of land and fishermans dislike.
Building of seawalls up to 16m high and rasied coastal settlement. 10m seawall failed in 2011 tsunami due to 1m tectonic sink.
most extensive tsunami warning system, uses mobile phones, radio, Tv etc to give automated warnings, 3 min warning before 2011 earthquakes but did not predict tsunami so no evacuation.
Japan earthquake management
Invest US$61 billion in infrastructure yearly
75% of buildings considered earthquake safe.
Bam 2003 earthquake
26,000 deaths for 6.6 magntude ( unusually high)
shallow earthquake 7km epicentre, large amount of s and l seismic waves, vertical ground displacement
Infrastructure issues - Ancient citadel, buildings up to 2,400 years old with heavy roofs. Seismic building code not enforced, poor constrcution with timber frames weekend by termite activity.
Response issues- 20% of healthcare professionals killed, destruction of hospitals, airports and policestation slowed repsonse
chance- winter many died of hypothermia
New Zealand Earthquake 2010/2011
50% of buildings damaged
tourism decreased by 40%, cultural buildings such as Cathedral spire collapsed
Rebuild cost of £15 billion was mainly insured loses with little effect on financial and business markets
China 2008 earthquake impacts
Government failure to implement building regulations, builders accepting bribes
7000 schools collapsed
5 million homeless
Dujiangyang middle school collapsed killing 900 children
landslides caused 25% of deaths
Japanese Tsunami 2011
20,000 deaths
Fukashima impact ( another flash card)
65% of victims over 60
£360 billion economic damage
tourims decline by 28%
Impact of Fukashima power plant in Japan.
Administrative level government failure
Over 80,000 people evacuated, many permanently
50 nuclear reactors closed, Japan forced to buy foreign oil imports costing £30 billion in order to reach energy demand.
Germany and France end their nuclear power program in fear of similar disasters.
Why was Haiti 2010 such a disaster?
poorest country in the western hemisphere
86% port-au-prine live in slums
Only 39% of people had access to clean water
60% of buildings unsafe.
China 2008 responses
£75 million spent on restoring infrastructure.
130,000 soldiers and relief workers sent by central government
within two years the government had started 97% of reconstruction projects with stricter building regulations.
The Phillipines multiple hazard zone
physical things
Suffer typhoons, earthquakes, volcanoes, drought, tsunamis and floods
80% land is landslide prone
24 active volcanoes
23 earthquakes causing 9,400 deaths between 1960-2015
25% of the population in poverty.
The Philippines management
The Philippines Red Cross - organise emergency relief and recovery programmes focusing on humanitarian aid such as as supplying food, water etc.
National Disaster Risk and Reduction Management Council- focus on reducing risk before event by climate change adaptation and sustainable development. Frequently publish weather reports and earthquake information.
Loma Prima earthquake 1989 risk reduction
Risk reduced- World Series Game most people at home during 5:30 rush hour.
Global impact of Japanese tsunami 2011
Germany closed 17 nuclear reactors.
Slowed global trade disrupting trade links for Apple Nissian and Boeing 747
Japan earthquake numbers
70% of the worlds eathquakes
what happened to sea defences in Japan 2011?
Tectonic downwarping reduced sea wall height by 1m.
Government considered complacent in defences.
how big was the Japanese tsunami 2011?
10m waves
200kmph
Indonesia 2018 tsunami
TV alerts and signalling failed due to powercut before the earthquake
one of the most densly populated areas in the world
4,000 killed
nine significant earthquakes in 2018, already weekend infrastructure
Chile 2010 tsunami
waves up to 15m
only 500 deaths
closure of copper production
£30 billion estimated cost, 18% GDP
L’ Aquila earthquake
six scientists and government officials trialed for manslaughter after failing to give warning of seismic activity
60,000 homeless
house price inflation (only 20,000 new homes)
Free SIM cards and mobile phones to homeless
Students given free public transport and exempt from fees for 3 years.
Phillipines multiple hazard zone
economic things.
2% GDP spent on recovering from typhoons anually, suffer from 19 annually
natural disasters cost £6.5 billion every year.
multiple hazard zone
secondary examples
nepal 2015- monsoon season saturated ground more vulnerable to landslides
Haiti 2010- followed by hurricane Tomas. Flooded camps slowed recovery time (only 35 deaths).
Haiti responses
“Hope for Haiti” celebrity telethon raised £35 million for NGOs
WFP provided food for 2 million for 1 month
25% homeless given tents
one year later only 5% rubble cleared.
Google maps used to track and record damage.
Haiti magnitudes and death
7 magnitude
220,000 deaths
Modify vulnerability volcanoes
2010 Iceland evacuation made by an automated phone system to 800 people
Hawaiian Volcanic Observtory 24 hour monitoring
1980s Mt St Helens 5 mile evacuation and exclusion zone
Modify event
EQ- India low to high tectonic hazard land areas with building regulations
TS- India ocean naturally protected by mangrove trees
Modify Vulnerability
Earthquakes
Japan 90 second mobile phone alerts
US National Earthquake Hazard Reduction public education program, earthquakes part of curriculum in California
Japan school children monthly earthquake drills.
Modify vulnerability tsunamis
Japan early warning system 15 minute warning before tsunami
2006 US government donated early warning sytem to the Indian Ocean, 27 nations signed up
Modify losses
EQ- Japan earthquakes insurance up to 50 million yen for a building
V-Mt Nyiragongo WFP provides emergency food for 460,000 people.
TS- Indian Ocean promised over £7 billion by foreign governments.
Modify the cause
EQ- Automtatic gas shut off in Japanese skyscrapers
V-Indonesia 2007 drained lake on top of the volcanoe after increased seismic activty, prevent formation of a lahar.
TS- very little to do, limit climate change and sea level rise.
