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Geography A Level Paper 1 > Tectonic case study facts/figures > Flashcards

Tectonic case study facts/figures Flashcards

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1
Q

Montserrat 1995 volcano impact

A

19 killed

monitoring resulted in evacuation of 2/3 of the Capital Plymouth and creation of exclusion zones

capital covered by 3m of ash, destroying 75% of infrastructure

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2
Q

Montserrat 1995 hazard

A

3m ash

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3
Q

Mt St Helens 1980 volcano

A

61 death

pyroclastic flow ejected 5 miles vertically close to the ground, highly explosive VEI 5 acidic magma

thoroughly monitored, warnings and evacuation of residents/walkers within 5 mile radius

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4
Q

Martinque 1902 volcano

A

Almost 30,000 deaths

3rd most deadliest volcano

pyroclastic flow at 200kph + 700 degrees

VEI 5

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5
Q

Eyjafjallökul 2010

A

economic mega-disaster

hazard= ash cloud

global airline capacity cut by 30% (mainly in Europe)

airlines lost US$1.7 billion in revenues

Kenya’s economy suffered, 20% of income relies on exporting green vegetables/flowers to Europe

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6
Q

Effects of Nyiragongo 2002 volcanic eruption

A

15% of Goma destroyed (45,000 buildings)

50,000 fled the city of Goma, refugees in Rwanda

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7
Q

Hazard of Nyiragongo volcano

A

Fluid lava flow, 40 kph and 3m thick

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8
Q

responses to Nyiragongo 2002 eruption

A

World Food Programme provided emergency food for 460,000 people.

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9
Q

Nepal 2015 earthquake - vulnerabilities

A

75% mountainous terrain

monsoon season saturated ground

over 50% of population in poverty

80% of urban houses owner built

Kathmandu religiouss temple not maintained in 100 years

multiple hazard zone

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10
Q

impacts of Nepal 2015 earthquake

A

3 million homeless

US$ 5 billion in damages

1.4 million in need of food, shelter and water

19 killed by Mount Everest Avalanch

Landslide blocked Kali Gandaki River

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11
Q

Haiwaiian Hotspot overview

A

pacific plate moves over mantle plume at rate of 10cm per year

eight islands ‘Hawaii-Emperor seamount chain’

bend in chain shows change in tectonic plate direction

Big Island= youngest and active, five shield volcanoes

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12
Q

Hawaiian hotspot management

A

1912 Hawaiian Volcanic Observatory - provides 24/7 monitoring with seismometers, tiltmeters, gas monitors and thermal imaging. Staffed by 200 workers, successfully used for public communication and evacuation on website

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13
Q

Kilauea 2018 volcanic eruption

A

constant 1 month

320 000 Olympic swimming pools of lava

$800 million in property damage

mandatory 17 block 24 hour notice evacuation

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14
Q

Mauna Loa 1984 volcanic eruption

A

220 mill cm3 of lava

lava flow travelled 48km2

damaged cables and roads

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15
Q

Gas Eruptions

A

Kilauea 2,000 tonnes of sulphur daily

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16
Q

San Andreas fault line overview

A

Pacific and North American plate meet at conservative plate boundary

series of locked faults generating extensive shallow focus earthquakes

near highly populated Los Angeles (400 million) and San Franciso

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17
Q

Loma Prierta earthquake 1989 impacts

A

San Andreas fault line

magnitude 6.9

La Marina district most effected- built on landfill, soft sandy soil liquefied causing buildings and roads to collapse.

Cypress Freeway collapse caused 42/64 deaths, costing US$1.2 billion to rebuild

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18
Q

Pacific Ring of Fire overview

A

75% of worlds volcanoes

90% of worlds earthquakes

Network of mainly convergent plate boundaries with deep ocean trenches and subduction zones

Surrounds Pacific Ocean including Japan, Phillipines, South America and New Zealand

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19
Q

lava flow Iceland

A

1873 Iceland 22% of the population died from famine resulting from five month continous lava flow

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20
Q

lahar eruptions

A

1985 Columbia lahar killed 23,000 people in a village located at the bottom of a slope.

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21
Q

Philippines multiple hazard zone example

A

1991 Mt Pinatubo volcanic eruption and Typhoon

Ash deposits remobalised by typhoon rains into lahars, killed 700 people.

Heavy saturated ash fallen on houses destroying infrastructure

Ash cloud rose 22 miles, blown globally by typhoon winds, deposits of fine ash as far as Indian Ocean.

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22
Q

Iceland successful volcanic management

A

1973 Iceland sprayed over 6 mil cm3 of water onto lava flow preventing it from reaching the main fishing port.

23
Q

Italy successful volcano management

A

Mount Etna lava flow successfully blocked by 18m high concrete barrier, protected tourist area.

24
Q

Indian Ocean 2004 Boxing Day Tsunami overview

A

Magnitude 9 earthquake, triggering up to 17m waves

effected 14 countries and 5 million people

200,000 deaths

70% of people in coastal settlement killed

Thailand - 12 000 unemployed from declining tourism industry, lost US$25 million per month

total damage US$10 billion

80% Indonesian infrastructure destroyed

25
Q

Indian Ocean Boxing Day Tsunami responses

A

US government funded Early Warning Sytem in 2006, 27 nations signed up to be connected to the programme.

Conflict between Tamil Tiger Rebel Group and Sri Lanka government delayed aid for five months.

One year later 50,000 people still missing

26
Q

Japan Tsunami Management

A

1933- government gave financial incentives to move settlments inland as part of land management stratergy, failed sue to shortage of land and fishermans dislike.

Building of seawalls up to 16m high and rasied coastal settlement. 10m seawall failed in 2011 tsunami due to 1m tectonic sink.

most extensive tsunami warning system, uses mobile phones, radio, Tv etc to give automated warnings, 3 min warning before 2011 earthquakes but did not predict tsunami so no evacuation.

27
Q

Japan earthquake management

A

Invest US$61 billion in infrastructure yearly

75% of buildings considered earthquake safe.

28
Q

Bam 2003 earthquake

A

26,000 deaths for 6.6 magntude ( unusually high)

shallow earthquake 7km epicentre, large amount of s and l seismic waves, vertical ground displacement

Infrastructure issues - Ancient citadel, buildings up to 2,400 years old with heavy roofs. Seismic building code not enforced, poor constrcution with timber frames weekend by termite activity.

Response issues- 20% of healthcare professionals killed, destruction of hospitals, airports and policestation slowed repsonse

chance- winter many died of hypothermia

29
Q

New Zealand Earthquake 2010/2011

A

50% of buildings damaged

tourism decreased by 40%, cultural buildings such as Cathedral spire collapsed

Rebuild cost of £15 billion was mainly insured loses with little effect on financial and business markets

30
Q

China 2008 earthquake impacts

A

Government failure to implement building regulations, builders accepting bribes

7000 schools collapsed

5 million homeless

Dujiangyang middle school collapsed killing 900 children

landslides caused 25% of deaths

31
Q

Japanese Tsunami 2011

A

20,000 deaths

Fukashima impact ( another flash card)

65% of victims over 60

£360 billion economic damage

tourims decline by 28%

32
Q

Impact of Fukashima power plant in Japan.

A

Administrative level government failure

Over 80,000 people evacuated, many permanently

50 nuclear reactors closed, Japan forced to buy foreign oil imports costing £30 billion in order to reach energy demand.

Germany and France end their nuclear power program in fear of similar disasters.

33
Q

Why was Haiti 2010 such a disaster?

A

poorest country in the western hemisphere

86% port-au-prine live in slums

Only 39% of people had access to clean water

60% of buildings unsafe.

34
Q

China 2008 responses

A

£75 million spent on restoring infrastructure.

130,000 soldiers and relief workers sent by central government

within two years the government had started 97% of reconstruction projects with stricter building regulations.

35
Q

The Phillipines multiple hazard zone

physical things

A

Suffer typhoons, earthquakes, volcanoes, drought, tsunamis and floods

80% land is landslide prone

24 active volcanoes

23 earthquakes causing 9,400 deaths between 1960-2015

25% of the population in poverty.

36
Q

The Philippines management

A

The Philippines Red Cross - organise emergency relief and recovery programmes focusing on humanitarian aid such as as supplying food, water etc.

National Disaster Risk and Reduction Management Council- focus on reducing risk before event by climate change adaptation and sustainable development. Frequently publish weather reports and earthquake information.

37
Q

Loma Prima earthquake 1989 risk reduction

A

Risk reduced- World Series Game most people at home during 5:30 rush hour.

38
Q

Global impact of Japanese tsunami 2011

A

Germany closed 17 nuclear reactors.

Slowed global trade disrupting trade links for Apple Nissian and Boeing 747

39
Q

Japan earthquake numbers

A

70% of the worlds eathquakes

40
Q

what happened to sea defences in Japan 2011?

A

Tectonic downwarping reduced sea wall height by 1m.

Government considered complacent in defences.

41
Q

how big was the Japanese tsunami 2011?

A

10m waves

200kmph

42
Q

Indonesia 2018 tsunami

A

TV alerts and signalling failed due to powercut before the earthquake

one of the most densly populated areas in the world

4,000 killed

nine significant earthquakes in 2018, already weekend infrastructure

43
Q

Chile 2010 tsunami

A

waves up to 15m

only 500 deaths

closure of copper production

£30 billion estimated cost, 18% GDP

44
Q

L’ Aquila earthquake

A

six scientists and government officials trialed for manslaughter after failing to give warning of seismic activity

60,000 homeless

house price inflation (only 20,000 new homes)

Free SIM cards and mobile phones to homeless

Students given free public transport and exempt from fees for 3 years.

45
Q

Phillipines multiple hazard zone

economic things.

A

2% GDP spent on recovering from typhoons anually, suffer from 19 annually

natural disasters cost £6.5 billion every year.

46
Q

multiple hazard zone

secondary examples

A

nepal 2015- monsoon season saturated ground more vulnerable to landslides

Haiti 2010- followed by hurricane Tomas. Flooded camps slowed recovery time (only 35 deaths).

47
Q

Haiti responses

A

“Hope for Haiti” celebrity telethon raised £35 million for NGOs

WFP provided food for 2 million for 1 month

25% homeless given tents

one year later only 5% rubble cleared.

Google maps used to track and record damage.

48
Q

Haiti magnitudes and death

A

7 magnitude

220,000 deaths

49
Q

Modify vulnerability volcanoes

A

2010 Iceland evacuation made by an automated phone system to 800 people

Hawaiian Volcanic Observtory 24 hour monitoring

1980s Mt St Helens 5 mile evacuation and exclusion zone

50
Q

Modify event

A

EQ- India low to high tectonic hazard land areas with building regulations

TS- India ocean naturally protected by mangrove trees

51
Q

Modify Vulnerability

Earthquakes

A

Japan 90 second mobile phone alerts

US National Earthquake Hazard Reduction public education program, earthquakes part of curriculum in California

Japan school children monthly earthquake drills.

52
Q

Modify vulnerability tsunamis

A

Japan early warning system 15 minute warning before tsunami

2006 US government donated early warning sytem to the Indian Ocean, 27 nations signed up

53
Q

Modify losses

A

EQ- Japan earthquakes insurance up to 50 million yen for a building

V-Mt Nyiragongo WFP provides emergency food for 460,000 people.

TS- Indian Ocean promised over £7 billion by foreign governments.

54
Q

Modify the cause

A

EQ- Automtatic gas shut off in Japanese skyscrapers

V-Indonesia 2007 drained lake on top of the volcanoe after increased seismic activty, prevent formation of a lahar.

TS- very little to do, limit climate change and sea level rise.

Geography A Level Paper 1 (8 decks)

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