Technology in Physical activity and sport Flashcards
One function of sports analytics is game analysis.
State two other functions of sports analytics.
[2 marks]
[AO1 = 2]
* Monitor fitness for performance (1)
* Assess the development of the skill/techniques of a performer (1)
* Reduce/prevent injuries from occurring (1)
* Identify talented individuals/scouting (1)
Accept any other appropriate functions of sports analytics.
Max 2 marks
One function of sports analytics is game analysis.
Explain how technology can be used to carry out game analysis in a team sport. [2 marks]
* Video analysis can be used to assess the technical performance of individual players/the number of successful passes completed/shooting accuracy/interceptions (1)
* GPS data can be used to assess effort of individual players/the total distance covered, the number of sprints/high intensity effort carried out (1)
Accept any other appropriate explanation of how technology can be used to carry out game analysis in a team sport.
Max 2 marks
Using testing and recording equipment such as a metabolic cart for indirect calorimetry can provide useful information about performance.
Describe what a metabolic cart is and how it can be used to carry out indirect calorimetry.
[3 marks]
* Includes headgear, a computer, a screen and breathing tubes (1)
* Indirect calorimetry measures the volume of O2 consumed and CO2 produced (1)
* This can be used to calculate RER/which fuels are being used to sustain activity at a set intensity (1)
Accept any other appropriate description of what a metabolic cart is and how it can be used to carry out indirect calorimetry.
Max 3 marks
Table 1 shows multi-stage fitness test results for five male basketball players.
Table 1: Multi-stage fitness test results
Number of players
Excellent = 1
Very good =3
Average= 1
Poor= 0
Very poor = 0
Table 2 shows the data a coach was presented with after a different member of staff had input these on a computer.
Table 2: Multi-stage fitness test results
Number of players
Excellent = 0
Very good =1
Average= 2
Poor= 2
Very poor = 0
Analyse the factors that may have affected the integrity of the data shown in Table 2.
[3 marks]
[AO3 = 3]
* The data may have been inputted/recorded incorrectly/misinterpreted (1)
* (Human error) the member of staff may have entered the data incorrectly onto the computer (1)
* Any software packages used for inputting data may have been affected by a virus/bug, which has altered/compromised data accuracy (1)
* Computers/software may have been left unsupervised, leaving it vulnerable to being tampered with/altered by other people (1)
* The coaches may not have saved/stored the data appropriately/securely, meaning it may have been altered (1)
* Credit reference to the difference in data between Table 1 and Table 2 (1)
Accept any other relevant analysis of how the integrity of the data may have been compromised.
Maintaining the integrity of data can be difficult.
Which of the following issues relates specifically to manual data entry?
A
Bugs or viruses
A
Hardware malfunction
C
Human error
D
Transmission from one computer to another
(Total 1 mark)
C
State two forms of technology a coach could use in sports analytics.
[2 marks]
Award one mark for each of the following points:
* GPS (1)
* Video / motion analysis (1)
* Heart rate monitor measures (1)
* Performance / match analysis programmes (1)
Accept first two answers only
Accept other forms of relevant technology a coach could use. Answers must relate to sports analytics.
Discuss the role of technology for a coach in the analysis of team games.
[4 marks]
Award one mark for each of the following points:
Positives of technology for a coach (sub-max 3)
* Can help identify strengths and weaknesses of a team / individual, which can inform training programme / team selection (1)
* Heart rate monitors / GPS can allow analysis of work rate / fatigue / fitness to inform of injuries / substitutions / training programmes (1)
* Analysis of opposition data can help inform of which tactics / formations to play (1)
* Video analysis allows for assessment of player’s technique, which can be used to adapt technique to improve performance / prevent injury (1)
* Stores information about player’s performance, which means that the coach isn’t required to retain it (1)
Negatives of technology for a coach (Sub-max 3)
* For team games there is the potential for lots of data to be collected, which can overload a coach (1)
* If coaches are unable to understand / analyse all of the data collected then it is difficult for a coach to make use of this data. (1)
* There can also become a reliance on data so it becomes less about coach’s knowledge (1)
* Data does not always show true reflection of performance, GPS may show lack of movement but this does not mean performance is ineffective. (1)
* If equipment is not maintained / interference then it may become unreliable (1)
* Use of computers is also a possible negative as they are open to potential hacking, which can compromise data (1)
Accept any other appropriate discursive points about the role of technology available for a coach.
Answers must be linked specifically to the analysis of players in team games.
[4]
Data are collected on two occasions using the same test. The results collected are consistent.
What is this an example of?
A
Objectivity
B
Reliability
C
Subjectivity
D
Validity
(Total 1 mark)
B
Different types of feedback are used by coaches to improve performance.
Sports analytics increases the range of feedback available to a performer. This will lead to an increase in performance.
Analyse this statement.
(Total 8 marks)
AO1 – Knowledge of sports analytics and types of feedback
Means of collecting data, including video analysis / GPS programmes / video motion analysis, VO2 max, lactate threshold, indirect calorimetry, R:E:R, GPS software and devices.
Types of feedback. Positive, negative, extrinsic, intrinsic, knowledge of results, knowledge of performance.
AO2 – Application of information gathered through data; supporting the range of feedback to improve performance
Data (quantitative / qualitative) that the coach obtains could lead them to offer more extrinsic feedback; allowing performer to make improvements and be motivated. This data may lead a coach to providing more positive or negative feedback about a performer’s success.
With gathered data, the coach will be able to offer feedback to the performer on knowledge of results, how successful they have been. The coach may also have suitable data to identify corrections needed in the quality of performance, how a skill or aspects of performance could be developed / improved.
The performer may be able to utilise any data gathered to inform their own intrinsic feelings and improvements to performance.
**AO3 – Analysis/evaluation of impact and effectiveness of data to support improvements in performance
**
The coach would need to consider the integrity of the data used to provide feedback. The feedback offered to a performer needs to be relevant to support understanding and achieve desired improvements. Is the feedback relevant to the player and given in simple terms.
Timing of when the coach providing feedback is vital, considering stage of learning, level of performance and motivation of the performer.
Considerations to whether the performer will have the capability / skill level to respond to feedback offered by the coach.
How accurate is the data. How reliable and valid is it the data being used to offer feedback to the performer.
NB; Credit any other relevant analysis of this statement.
Max 8 marks
GPS technology is becoming more popular with sports teams to analyse players ’ movements in training and during games.
Evaluate the use of GPS technology and the data it provides.
(Total 8 marks)
AO1 – Knowledge of GPS and different types of data
GPS is a type of technology that athletes can wear to track their movements. It can be used in sport to collect information such as speed and distances travelled. GPS equipment is portable, has the potential to provide real-time data and is reasonably accurate.
Different types of data include quantitative and qualitative.
When collecting data validity and reliability should be considered. Reliability refers to whether if repeated; the same results would be produced.
AO2 – Application of the use of GPS and data by team sports / players
The benefits of team sports using GPS is that it can be precise, technical, and provides the players and coaches with data to tailor training programmes, assess in-game performance and evaluate work-rate and physical exertion. In relation to reliability, the GPS systems that have developed are accurate and so the data can be relied upon to then inform training etc…
A big advantage of team sports being able to use GPS during competitions and periods of play is that coaches can identify periods of most intense play, different activity profiles by position and also if players are getting fatigued if they have previous reliable data for players.
AO3 – Analysis/evaluation of GPS by team sports and usefulness of the data
Although GPS on the whole is precise and has many benefits, it also has drawbacks. GPS is expensive and so is not accessible by all teams. Furthermore some of the equipment can be unreliable due to issues such as battery life and measurements of distance and speed may be underestimated. GPS systems are not 100% reliable potentially due to satellite location.
Reliability of the data collected by GPS can be affected by errors that occur when researchers do not know how to use the equipment correctly. Furthermore, the accuracy of the data can also be affected by poorly maintained equipment or cheaper versions of GPS equipment but this may mean accuracy is compromised.
Furthermore GPS will only provide quantitative data which coaches may not understand and can have limited value. Qualitative data also has benefits to managers and coaches when assessing quality of passing for example.
The advantages of GPS have a positively impact for teams and are beneficial as it can prevent injury of the player but also allow the team to make substitutions.
Credit other relevant evaluation of the use of GPS by team sports in relation to reliability.
Max 8 marks
Which one of the following components of fitness can be measured using indirect calorimetry?
A
Aerobic endurance
B
Flexibility
C
Muscular endurance
D
Strength
(Total 1 mark)
A
The table below shows the winning times for the men’s 100 metres final from previous Olympic Games.
Year Time completed (s)
1952 10.40
1964 10.00
1976 10.06
1988 9.92
2000 9.87
2012 9.63
2016 9.81
Consider how commercialisation and the improvement in technology for sports analytics have affected performance in the 100 metres at the Olympic Games.
Use the data in the table to support your answer.
[8 marks]
AO1 – Knowledge of commercialisation and technology for sports analytics
Commercialisation
Eg, This is the selling of a product for profit. In order to sell a product, commercial enterprises need access to as many people as possible; this is achieved through the media. The link between the media and commercialisation and sport is often referred to as the golden triangle, each corner of the triangle impacting on the others.
With improvements in technology sport is now available to a mass audience, increasing the commercial value of sport. Sport is accessible via many different media outlets, for example, radio, TV and the internet.
Technology for sports analytics
Eg, Sports analytics is the use of data to better understand a performance in sport. It can be used to collect different types of data, e.g. athlete performance data, biomechanical data, fitness data. Using technology data becomes objective, providing valid and reliable data on which to base further analysis.
AO2 – Application to the 100 metre sprinter
Eg, Commercialisation makes more money available to the sprinters through sponsorship deals or televised appearances in commercials.
Sprinters can use this money to finance their training. As sport has become more commercial more funding has been available so the athlete can work with the best coaches, sports nutritionists, sports psychologists, and other professionals who can help them achieve and maintain peak performance.
Technology for sports analytics will improve data collection, for example, during training sprinters may wear motion detecting sensors, which capture their performance which can then be analysed to search for any slight weakness, or area for improvement.
AO3 – Analysis / Evaluation through discussion of the potential impact of commercialisation of sport and use of technology on sprint times
Eg, Despite the data anomaly of 1976 (where times increased), the data trend shows an improvement in 100m sprint times, from 10.40 s in 1952 to 9.63 s in 2012. This is a significant improvement in performance over time. If these two performers raced side by side the runner from 2012 would complete the race metres in front of the opposition. The anomaly in 1976 where times dropped could be due to a number of factors, for example, nations boycotting the event, the quality of the running track, the running environment.
Commercialisation
Eg, This increase in performance could be due to the additional time athletes can spend training as a result of the increased funding available due to commercialisation. Even though the Olympics is still an amateur sport there is increased funding available for talented and elite athletes, for example lottery funding, which can be used to finance increased / more targeted levels of training. There is also sponsorship and endorsement possibilities for high profile elite athletes, like those who win the 100m which means they can train full time rather than have to combine training with work. Through increased fitness, from the additional training, performances will improve.
Technology for sports analytics
Eg, Due to increased revenue for the sport as well as the performer through commercialisation money has been available to develop sport technology to further improve sport performance. For example, through improved data collection of performance, e.g. running gait, the biomechanics of the sprinters running action can be analysed, increasing the efficiency of the sprinter, improving their time. Weaknesses can be more readily identified and corrected, again improving time.
Accept other appropriate considerations of how commercialisation and the use of technology for sports analytics have affected performance in the 100 metres at the Olympic Games.
Max 8 marks
Satellite based navigation is often carried out using GPS.
What does GPS stand for?
A
Geographic positioning software
B
Geographic positioning system
C
Global positioning software
D
Global positioning system
[1 mark]
D
Explain two ways in which analytics may be beneficial for a performer. Use a named game of your choice (e.g. netball) in your answer.
[2 marks]
Answer for netball (other game activities can be used).
* Can monitor the amount of court covered during a game to ascertain if position is played effectively (1).
* Real-time technical feedback can be given by coach to improve awareness and improve technique (1).
* Small GPS receivers can monitor distance covered, acceleration, speed to provide physiological data for analysis / training plans (1).
* Tactics can be monitored and evaluated, e.g. possession area of the court that results in the most goals being scored (1).
Accept any other explanation of ways in which analytics may be beneficial for a performer. Answers must relate to an example of a game.
Max 2 marks
Discuss how technological advancements, such as Hawkeye at Wimbledon, have increased the viewing experience for the audience.
[5 marks]
AO1 (sub-max 2 marks)
Effects of technology on the audience present:
* playback of decision on large screen (1)
* involvement in decisions (1)
* information given from officials (1)
* nature of the event has changed (1)
* more accurate decisions (1).
AO3 (sub-max 3 marks)
Positive viewing experience:
* increase in excitement waiting for decisions (1)
* less controversy, decisions tend to be fair / fairer outcome (1)
* rule changes to incorporate technology can improve the viewing experience (1)
* play of a higher standard / players cannot hide behind gamesmanship / cheating (1).
Negative viewing experience:
* traditionalist will find the changing nature of sport against their liking (1)
* it can prove to be boring / time consuming waiting on decisions (1)
* less controversy over decisions may reduce the atmosphere of the event (1)
* frustration can rise as players use technology for their own gain (1).
Accept any other relevant discursive points about how technological advancements have increased the viewing experience for the audience.
Max 5 marks
