Ethics in Sport COPY Flashcards
The Olympic Oath was introduced in the 1920 Summer Olympics. Since then, the Olympic Oath has been taken by all competitors in the games.
Discuss whether the Olympic Oath is still relevant in the modern-day Olympic Games.
[4 marks]
Oath is still relevant in modern-day games (sub-max 3 marks)
* Stringent drug testing shows the continued importance of fair competition (1)
* Punishment for deviant behaviour during Olympics such as badminton players in London 2012 disqualified for a lack of effort (1)
* Amateurism is still encouraged as there is no prize money or appearance fees awarded by the IOC (1)
* There is still evidence of fair play/sportsmanship during the games such as helping injured opponents to complete races (1)
Oath is no longer relevant in modern-day games (sub-max 3 marks)
* Doping/drug taking by individuals/state-sponsored programmes undermine the importance of the Oath (1)
* Athletes have been shown to be involved in other deviant behaviour, such as gamesmanship, which undermines the promises made in the Oath (1)
* Commercialisation of sport/financial rewards associated with success may make the oath less relevant/inclusion of professionals in Olympics has led to a greater win ethic/win-at-all-costs attitude can lead to oath being broken (1)
Accept other discussion of the relevance of the Olympic Oath in the modern-day Olympic Games.
*Accept any other suitable point
[4]
Which one of these statements describes amateurism?
A
A fanatical devotion to sport involving high levels of physical endeavour and moral integrity
B
Bending the rules and stretching them to their absolute limit without getting caught
C
Conforming to the rules, spirit and etiquette of a sport
D
Participation in sport for the love of it, receiving no financial gain
D
At the London 2012 Olympic Games, billions of people watched both amateurs and professionals competing in 26 sports.
Suggest reasons why the International Olympic Committee (IOC) has allowed professional performers to compete at the Olympic Games in recent years. [3 marks]
Many traditional amateur sports are now professional
Blurring of amateur and professional status in many sports / difficult to make clear distinction between ‘true’ amateur and others
Olympic Ideal maintained / correct sporting ethics
No prize / appearance money awarded
Amateurs can still compete
Higher standard of competition
Greater spectator / media interest
High levels of income / media rights / ticket prices
*Accept any other suitable point
Define the term positive deviance.
Define the term negative deviance.
Give two examples for both
Positive deviance - behaviour which is outside of the norms of society, but without the intent to harm or break the rules (this aspect must be referenced for mark to be awarded)/over-adherence to the norms and expectations of sport/sporting ethic (1)
Negative deviance- is behaviour which involves behaving in a way to intentionally break the rules or cause harm. In the table below are different examples of where a performer could exhibit positive or negative (1)
Positive deviance examples
- Overtraining which leads to an injury
- Playing while injured - A performer causing injury to another athlete without intention/breaking the rules/compromising the etiquette of the sport due to their desire to win
Negative deviance examples
- Taking illeagal perform enhancing drugs
- Deliberatley fouling or harming an opponent through agrresion violence
- Accepting a bribe to lose/match fixing
- Diving to win a penalty or free kick
Which one of the following definitions best describes the term deviancy? [1 mark]
A
Behaviour which goes against society’s norms and values
B
Not playing by the unwritten rules
C
Not showing opponents respect
D
Taking drugs to enhance performance
A
During sporting contests performers are expected to maintain traditional ethical codes, such as sportsmanship, and play within the laws of the game.
Explain the term sportsmanship and outline how it is encouraged and maintained at the highest level of sport. [4 marks]
A (Sportsmanship) playing by the unwritten rules / code of ethics/contract to compete/fair play/etiquette/ or accept suitable examples
Do not accept ‘written rules’
Encouraging and maintaining
B (Penalties) – bookings/free kicks/ sin bin/bans/fines or equivalent
C Fair play awards / allocation of place in major event based on disciplinary record
D Clubs fined / points deducted/matches played behind closed doors / spectators banned from watching
E Code of conduct/campaigns/ Olympic Oath/Olympic Ideal/Fair Play Charter/use of role models
Do not accept ‘contract to compete’
F Drug testing
Define Gamesmanship and give two sporting examples
Gamesmanship is gaining advantage over your opponents by ‘stretching’ the rules, while remaining within the rules.
It is, therefore, legal, but argued as being close to cheating.
Sporting examples
1. Time wasting in football
2. Pretending to be injured
3. ‘sledging’ in cricket and rugby
4. Throwing the ball away
Identify three strategies to encourage Sportsmanship
identify three strategies to try and restrict Gamesmanship
Sportsmanship Strategies
- Use of NGB’s campaigns promoting Sportsmanship/Fairplay
- Incentives to encourage fairplay e.g Uefa fairplay awards giving a place in Europe to teams with fewest Yellow cards
- Use of technology to assist match officials (VAR, TMO etc)
- NGB rules promoting fairplay e.g tackle height in Rugby
- Punishing foul play during games e.g yellow and red cards. Also, punishing foul play after the event via fines and bans
- Use of positive role models to promote Sportsmanship
- Rigourous drug testing
Gamesmanship Strategies
-NGB’s reviewing rules to prevent gamesmanship e.g timewasting recieiving yellow cards
- Promotion of players to are seen to abide by the rules as role models
What acronym can use to recall the causes and implications of violence in Sport? Also, what does each letter stand for?
WINNERR
W= Win ethic and high rewards for success
I= Importance of the event (cup final)
N= Nature of the sport
N= NGB’s are too lenient with punishments
E= Excitement/over Arousal
R= Retaliation
R= Refereeing decisions leading to anger
State two causes of performer violence. Give a sporting example for each. [4 marks]
Retaliation/abuse/provocation from an opponent/spectators (AO1) (1)
* A player being racially abused by an opponent/spectator/reacting to a bad tackle (AO2) (1)
- Win ethic/win at all costs attitude (AO1) (1)
* Intentionally provoking an aggressive response from an opponent in order to gain an advantage/deliberately injure a player to prevent a goal (AO2) (1)
* Emotional intensity/importance of the event/over arousal (AO1) (1)
* Local derby match/cup final/excitement leading to a violent challenge (AO2) (1)
* Poor officiating or frustration with match officials (AO1) (1)
* A vital decision such as a goal/try/ball landing in or out being made/being perceived to have been made incorrectly (AO2) (1)
* Nature of the sport (AO1) (1)
* American football/Rugby are sports with lots of physical contact which could overspill into violence (AO2) (1)
* Frustration with own performance (AO1) (1)
- Unable to get near the ball/being marked out of the game/passing below usual standard (AO2) (1)
Accept other appropriate causes and examples of performer violence.
[4]
Suggest reasons why there have been very few instances of spectator violence at the modern Olympic Games compared with some other major sporting events. [4 Marks]
- Olympics only once every 4 years
- Crowds from many countries / less intense rivalry
- Fairplay / international understanding encouraged / - Olympic ideal actively promoted
- Less media hype to incite crowd
- Family orientated
- Alcoholdrinking culture not usual
- Less pre-arranged organised violence
- Behaviour of performers does not deliberately incite opposition supporters
- Multi-sport competition
The majority of spectators attend major sporting events with the expectation of observing a high standard of performance in a safe environment.
Identify the possible causes of spectator violence, such as hooliganism, at sporting events.
A = Display of masculinity
B = Gang culture/sense of belonging/identity/peer pressure/tribalism
C = Crowd mentality/loss of individual identity/diminished responsibility
D = Nature of the sport
E = Alcohol/drugs
F = Local rivalry/derby game/importance of the event
G= Racism/nationalism/political groups/religion
H= Adrenaline rush/excitement of violence/outlet for aggression
I = Events during the match/reaction to players/referee decisions/current score/outcome of the event/final result
J = Reaction of working class to middle class ‘taking-over’ the game
K = Media hype
L = Nature of the stadium/poor crowd control/poor security
M= Reaction to player violence
Identify three solutions to reduce spectator violence [3 marks]
A= Banning of Alochol in stadiums
B- Increase police numbers and technology to gather information on known hooligans
C=Football banning orders, banning known hooligans from games
D= Using CCTV around stadiums and town centres to eject hooligans
E= Encouraging resposnible media coverage prior to games
F= Imposing earlier kick off times e.g midday to reduce the consumption of alcohol
G= Passing specific laws to prevent disruptive behaviour e.g tresspassing on a football pitch
H= Punishing the club that fans represent e.g Liverpool f.c were banned from european
football for sic years because of their fans behaviour in 1985
Evaluate the effectiveness of three different measures put in place to improve spectator safety at football matches. [3 marks]
* All-seater stadia reduce risk of overcrowding, improving safety, but ensuring all spectators sit is difficult to enforce (1)
* Earlier kick-off times reduce the opportunity to drink alcohol prior to games, reducing levels of violence, but spectators drink after the game instead leading to violence (1)
* Sale of alcohol is controlled inside stadia, and in the surrounding area, reducing likelihood of violence, but spectators drink before entering the stadium meaning violence still occurs (1)
* Tougher deterrents for hooliganism, racism and anti-social behaviour, including fines, imprisonment and life-time bans, but hooliganism, racism and anti-social behaviour still occur, showing deterrents have not been effective (1)
* CCTV/increased policing/increased security/intelligence mean that those breaking law/rules can be ejected from the stadium and banned, but persistent offenders who have been banned are still able to enter stadia on occasions/escape identification (1)
* Segregation of home and away fans inside the stadium prevents violence between fans, however rival fans able to meet outside the stadia before or after matches (1)
Each measure needs to be evaluated to score each mark.
Accept any other appropriate evaluation of the effectiveness of measures put in place to improve spectator safety at football matches.
Max 3 marks
The majority of spectators attend major sporting events with the expectation of observing a high standard of performance in a safe environment.
Outline the possible causes of spectator violence, such as hooliganism, at sporting events.
(Total 6 marks)
A Display of masculinity
B Gang culture/sense of belonging/identity/peer pressure/tribalism
C Crowd mentality/loss of individual identity/diminished responsibility
D Nature of the sport
E Alcohol/drugs
F Local rivalry/derby game/importance of the event
G Racism/nationalism/political groups/religion
H Adrenaline rush/excitement of violence/outlet for aggression
I Events during the match/reaction to players/referee decisions/current score/outcome of the event/final result
J Reaction of working class to middle class ‘taking-over’ the game
K Media hype
L Nature of the stadium/poor crowd control/poor security
