Techniques, Modalities and Physiology - Hypertrophy

Question 1

Hypertrophy:

Answer 1

contractile elements enlarge and the extracellular matrix expands to support growth

Question 2

Sacromere hypertrophy:

Answer 2

an increase in sacromeres and myofibrils in parallel or in series

Question 3

Sarcoplasmic hypertrophy:

Answer 3

an increase in noncontractile elements and fluid

Question 4

Myogenic stem cells or satellite cells respond to mechanical stress by…

Answer 4

fusing to existing myofibrils

Question 5

Describe myogenic pathways:

Answer 5

• donate extra nuclei, increasing capacity to synthesize new contractile proteins
• more nuclei can increase the expression of myogenic regulatory factors (mTOR, MAPK - JNK, calcium dependent pathways)

Question 6

Hormones serve as upstream regulators of ______ processes.

Answer 6

anabolic

Question 7

Elevated anabolic hormone concentrations increase the likelihood of ____ _____, facilitating _____ ____ and subsides _____ ____.

Answer 7

• receptor interactions
• protein metabolism
• muscle growth

Question 8

Name 3 hormones that regulate anabolic processes.

Answer 8

• insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1)
• testosterone
• growth hormone

Question 9

Insulin-like growth factor provides the main ______ response for the ____ ____.

Answer 9

• anabolic

- whole body

Question 10

Insulin-like growth factor leads to enhanced response to _____ ____.

Answer 10

mechanical loading

Question 11

Insulin-like growth factor is produced in the _____ and _____ during exercise.

Answer 11

• liver

- muscles

Question 12

Levels of IGF-1 can remain elevated in muscle ____ hours post exercise.

Answer 12

72

Question 13

Post exercise elevated IGF-1 levels means:

Answer 13

• promotes hypertrophy by increasing the rate of protein synthesis
• activate satellite cells

Question 14

Testosterone is produced where?

Answer 14

• testes (men only)

- adrenal glands and ovaries (female only)

Question 15

Only the ___% of unbound free testosterone has an effect on ____ ____.

Answer 15

• 2%

- muscle hypertrophy

Question 16

Testosterone increase _____ synthesis and inhibits _____ _____ rates.

Answer 16

• protein

- protein breakdown

Question 17

Androgen receptors are more frequent in type ___ muscle fibres.

Answer 17

II

Question 18

HGH stimulates the uptake of ____ ___ into muscles.

Answer 18

amino acids

Question 19

HGH is secreted by the _____ ____ during ____.

Answer 19

• pituitary gland

- sleep

Question 20

Resistance training causes the secretion of HGH _____ with extended half lives allowing for sustained action on _____ _____ including muscles.

Answer 20

• isoforms

- target tissue

Question 21

HGH is associated with both ____ and ____ hypertrophy.

Answer 21

• type I

- type II

Question 22

HGH can also be associated with the upregulation of ______.

Answer 22

IGF-1

Question 23

Cellular hydration:

Answer 23

• physiological link to hypertrophy is yet to be determined

- thought to increase pressure against cellular membrane possibly triggering a threat response

Question 24

Blood occlusion training:

Answer 24

• restricts venous return while allowing arterial blood supply
• load has to be limited
• increase lactate (and other metabolite) accumulation may increase cell swelling and help to upregulate protein synthesis and anabolic hormones
• painful

Question 25

Mechanical tension is tension produced by both _____ and _____ and the combination of both increase ______.

Answer 25

• force
• stretch
• hypertrophy

Question 26

Increases in mechanical tension cause _____ ____.

Answer 26

protein synthesis

Question 27

Some resistance training exercises will not increase hypertrophy despite being very high in ____ and/or _____.

Answer 27

• force

- stretch

Question 28

Muscle damage can be tears to….

Answer 28

• small macromolecules of tissues

- larger sacrolemma

Question 29

What causes sheering to sacromeres?

Answer 29

non uniform lengthening

Question 30

Anaerobic glycolysis for ATP results in build of …

Answer 30

• lactate
• hydrogen ions (acid)
• phosphates

Question 31

Muscle ischemia:

Answer 31

a restriction of blood flow causing a shortage of oxygen can increase metabolites

Question 32

Healing from metabolic stress requires …

Answer 32

• protein synthesis

- satellite cell activation

Question 33

Result of high volume and low intensity training:

Answer 33

high metabolic stress but low mechanical tension and muscle damage

Question 34

Result of moderate volume and moderate intensity training:

Answer 34

high metabolic stress, mechanical tensions and muscle damage

Question 35

Result of high intensity and low volume training:

Answer 35

low metabolic stress, mechanical stress and some muscle damage