Techniques, Modalities and Physiology - Hypertrophy Flashcards
Hypertrophy:
contractile elements enlarge and the extracellular matrix expands to support growth
Sacromere hypertrophy:
an increase in sacromeres and myofibrils in parallel or in series
Sarcoplasmic hypertrophy:
an increase in noncontractile elements and fluid
Myogenic stem cells or satellite cells respond to mechanical stress by…
fusing to existing myofibrils
Describe myogenic pathways:
- donate extra nuclei, increasing capacity to synthesize new contractile proteins
- more nuclei can increase the expression of myogenic regulatory factors (mTOR, MAPK - JNK, calcium dependent pathways)
Hormones serve as upstream regulators of ______ processes.
anabolic
Elevated anabolic hormone concentrations increase the likelihood of ____ _____, facilitating _____ ____ and subsides _____ ____.
- receptor interactions
- protein metabolism
- muscle growth
Name 3 hormones that regulate anabolic processes.
- insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1)
- testosterone
- growth hormone
Insulin-like growth factor provides the main ______ response for the ____ ____.
- anabolic
- whole body
Insulin-like growth factor leads to enhanced response to _____ ____.
mechanical loading
Insulin-like growth factor is produced in the _____ and _____ during exercise.
- liver
- muscles
Levels of IGF-1 can remain elevated in muscle ____ hours post exercise.
72
Post exercise elevated IGF-1 levels means:
- promotes hypertrophy by increasing the rate of protein synthesis
- activate satellite cells
Testosterone is produced where?
- testes (men only)
- adrenal glands and ovaries (female only)
Only the ___% of unbound free testosterone has an effect on ____ ____.
- 2%
- muscle hypertrophy
Testosterone increase _____ synthesis and inhibits _____ _____ rates.
- protein
- protein breakdown
Androgen receptors are more frequent in type ___ muscle fibres.
II
HGH stimulates the uptake of ____ ___ into muscles.
amino acids
HGH is secreted by the _____ ____ during ____.
- pituitary gland
- sleep
Resistance training causes the secretion of HGH _____ with extended half lives allowing for sustained action on _____ _____ including muscles.
- isoforms
- target tissue
HGH is associated with both ____ and ____ hypertrophy.
- type I
- type II
HGH can also be associated with the upregulation of ______.
IGF-1
Cellular hydration:
- physiological link to hypertrophy is yet to be determined
- thought to increase pressure against cellular membrane possibly triggering a threat response
Blood occlusion training:
- restricts venous return while allowing arterial blood supply
- load has to be limited
- increase lactate (and other metabolite) accumulation may increase cell swelling and help to upregulate protein synthesis and anabolic hormones
- painful
Mechanical tension is tension produced by both _____ and _____ and the combination of both increase ______.
- force
- stretch
- hypertrophy
Increases in mechanical tension cause _____ ____.
protein synthesis
Some resistance training exercises will not increase hypertrophy despite being very high in ____ and/or _____.
- force
- stretch
Muscle damage can be tears to….
- small macromolecules of tissues
- larger sacrolemma
What causes sheering to sacromeres?
non uniform lengthening
Anaerobic glycolysis for ATP results in build of …
- lactate
- hydrogen ions (acid)
- phosphates
Muscle ischemia:
a restriction of blood flow causing a shortage of oxygen can increase metabolites
Healing from metabolic stress requires …
- protein synthesis
- satellite cell activation
Result of high volume and low intensity training:
high metabolic stress but low mechanical tension and muscle damage
Result of moderate volume and moderate intensity training:
high metabolic stress, mechanical tensions and muscle damage
Result of high intensity and low volume training:
low metabolic stress, mechanical stress and some muscle damage
