Techniques in Molecular Biology (2)

Question 1

There are three different types of artificial cloning:

Answer 1

gene cloning
reproductive cloning
therapeutic cloning

Question 2

what is gene cloning

Answer 2

produces copies of genes or segments of DNA

Question 3

what is reproductive cloning

Answer 3

produces copies of whole animals

Question 4

what is therpautic cloning

Answer 4

produces embryonic stem cells for experiments aimed at creating tissues to replace injured or diseased tissues)

Question 5

what is dna cloning

Answer 5

The transfer of a DNA fragment of interest from one organism to a self-replicating genetic element

Question 6

what is the enzyme used in dna cloning

Answer 6

Restriction enzymesare DNA-cutting enzymes (generally cutting double stranded DNA (dsDNA)) from bacteria

Question 7

what is the purpose of dna ligase in dna cloning

Answer 7

. If two pieces of DNA have matching ends, ligase can link them to form a single, unbroken molecule of DNA

Question 8

what are the 4 ways of generate a vaccine

Answer 8

Change the virus blueprint to slow replication (MMR)
Destroy the virus blueprint (polio)
Use part of the virus/bacteria (HepB)
Toxins released, kill to prevent replication (Tetanus)

Question 9

what can we use dna cloning for>

Answer 9

Vaccines- made by denaturing the disease and then injecting it into humans with the hope that it would activate their immune system to fight future intrusions by that invader

Question 10

what is Reproductive cloning

Answer 10

technology used to generate an animal that has the same nuclear DNA as another currently or previously existing animal

Question 11

what is therapeutic cloning

Answer 11

creating a cloned embryo for the sole purpose of producing embryonic stem cells with the same DNA as the donor cell.

Question 12

why are stems cells important for scientistis

Answer 12

can be used to generate virtually any type of specialized cell in the human body

Question 13

when are stems cells extracted?

Answer 13

extracted from the egg after it has divided for 1-5 days

Question 14

pros of cloning

Answer 14

Scientists hope that one day therapeutic cloning can be used to generate tissues and organs for transplants

Reproductive cloning also could be used to repopulate endangered animals or animals that are difficult to breed

Question 15

cons of cloning

Answer 15

Reproductive cloning is expensive and highly inefficient

Japanese studies have shown that cloned mice live in poor health and die early

Question 16

arguments for pro cloning

Answer 16

Identical twins are natural clones, so reproductive cloning can be regarded as a technological version of a natural process?

If a couple have lost a child, why shouldn’t they be able to replace that loved individual with a clone if that is possible?

Question 17

arguments against cloning

Answer 17

Ethically wrong to bring a child into the world knowing there were potential genetic defects

It could/would involve hundreds of damaged pregnancies to achieve one single live cloned baby