Techniques and Inverventions (162) Flashcards
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Socratic Dialogue
This technique involves the use of questions to point out the client’s maladaptive thoughts and stuck points. Primary categories of questions are: clarification (i.e. “Can you give me an example of what you mean?”), probing assumptions, probing reasons, or evidence (i.e. “What evidence supports your position?”), questioning viewpoints or perspectives (i.e. “What are the pros and cons of this path?”), analyzing outcomes (i.e. “What are the implications of making this change?”), and questions about questions (i.e. “what would getting an answer, regardless of the outcome, mean to you?”).
CBT
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Acting “As If”
This is a form of encouraging and motivating clients to be the way they desire to be, “acting as if” the transition has already occurred.
Adlerian Therapy
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Active Imagination
One identifies an entity (i.e., shadow figure, anima, maternal figure, male) through a dream or other scene and activates attention to the figure through meditation. The client is invited to enter the scene and dialogue with the entity, usually, one that has qualities opposite the ego, thereby accessing rejected elements and availing them to the conscious mind. This may be done in writing, art, sculpting, dance, or other medium.
Jungian Therapy
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Active Listening
When the client makes a statement, rephrase it back. This can be done verbatim, to ask for additional information, or clarify the emotional state. For example: Joan says, “I had an argument with my mom and we haven’t spoken in two weeks.” The therapist replies, “You had an argument and you guys are not talking.” Joan says, “Yes, we fought because I want her to come to my house for Thanksgiving, but she says it is just much better at her house because it’s always been there. I was angry when it happened, but now I feel almost sad because things are changing for her since dad died.” The therapist says, “You were arguing about how to spend the time together as a family, but now with some thought about what the holiday has always meant to your mom, you feel sad.”
Person-Centered Therapy
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Activity Scheduling
This is useful in the treatment of depression. Activity Scheduling is done with a chart using short word descriptions (one to three words), according to a hierarchy of easiest to hardest, including both necessary and enjoyable tasks. The client is to follow the planned activities and document any activities that were not pre-planned each week, rating the activities according to level of pleasure, until the client has resumed his/or her normal schedule.
Behavioral Therapy
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Advocacy
The therapist will engage necessary supports or assist the client when stuck points cannot be overcome and present as a hindrance to the central work, including advocacy regarding unfair or outdated policies.
General Systems Theory
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Analysis and assessment
This technique is about exploration of the family constellation (sociogram of the individuals at home during the client’s formative years) and early recollections and is not about interpretations to the client.
Adlerian Therapy
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Analysis of Resistance and Defenses
Interpreting how the patient avoids or manages pain is key to Psychoanalytic Therapy. Pointing out any behaviors the patient uses to resist exploring specific issues or therapy in general (i.e. silence, lateness, deflecting) assist the patient in gaining insight about these issues.
Psychoanalytic Therapy
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Analysis of Transference
With this theory, four stages are addressed, including: 1) the client’s personal history projections onto the therapist, 2) the client differentiates his/or her own unconscious from the collective, 3) the therapist’s reality is differentiated from the superimposed images, 4) the achievement of greater knowledge and insight within the self having worked through the transference and into an authentic relationship with the therapist.
Jungian Therapy
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Art
Art is tied directly to the unconscious and brings out tangible symbols of emotions to the surface, and also allows the client to become more self-aware in a non-threatening medium. Traditional materials (crayons, paper, finger paint, markers, paints, clay, Play Doh, paste, glitter, clue, scissors, string, stickers) may be used, or electronic media may be incorporated.
Art Therapy
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Assertiveness and Social Skills Training
This involves the teaching of specific skills and tools to enable the client to act and interact with greater success. The mechanism for this is often modeling, role-playing, and behavioral rehearsal.
Behavioral Therapy
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Assertiveness Training
This technique provides specific training and insight to raise women’s awareness of their interpersonal rights, assist in transcending stereotyped sex roles, and alter negative belief systems to change daily patterns, actions, and interactions.
Feminist
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Aversion Therapy
A technique where the client is exposed to a stimulus while also being exposed to some type of discomfort. The objective is to pair the stimulus with the unpleasant sensations resulting in the stopping of the undesirable behavior.
Behavioral Therapy
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Behavioral Experiments
The client experiments with experiencing, reflecting, observing, planning, testing thoughts, and discovery to target specific thoughts or behaviors under consideration for change or challenge.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
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Behavioral Extinction
A therapy technique where the client’s rewards are removed to stop an undesirable behavior
Behavioral Therapy
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Behavioral Observation
This technique involves objectifying a specific behavior and observing the behavior in the client’s natural environment. This is most common in institutional settings, such as hospitals, schools, or treatment centers, where the clinician or others who can be trained as observers (i.e. parents, teachers, aids, nurses) are present and can count or objectively observe and analyze the data.
Behavioral Therapy
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Behavioral Rehearsal and Role-Playing
The client imagines a target situation, and the therapist guides the client through a step-by-step process of successfully coping with the situation. The client then practices the steps in a ‘mental rehearsal’ in a variety of ways.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
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Bibliotherapy
The therapist assigns any number of self-help books to enhance the specific issue being addressed to immerse the client in information and to aid the client in re-education.
REBT
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Biofeedback
The client is given feedback about what brain waves, sympathetic nervous system (i.e. heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension) are doing to engage a relaxation response by the client through providing feedback to the client through visual or auditory means.
Behavioral Therapy
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Blow-Up Technique
Have the client imagine the worst case scenario of what he/or she fears occurring, then blow the event out of proportion until the client cannot help but find amusement in it.
REBT
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Body Awareness (Bodywork)
This involves raising awareness of where in the body feelings are associated through breathing techniques or reflecting inconsistencies between verbal reports and body language. For example, the therapist may notice the client tense his shoulders each time he talks about his spouse, so the therapist assists the client in a breathing technique and enhances the client’s awareness of his body functions to gain greater awareness and control.
Gestalt Therapy
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Catastrophe Scale
This technique is used to address awfulizing. Have the client write a scale from 0% to 100% in 10% intervals, then ask the individual to rate whatever the issue is he/or she is catastrophizing about and insert it into the scale in the appropriate place. Afterwards, fill in the other levels with what the client believes is applicable to each level. For example, at 0% might be sipping tea the backyard, 20% is recording a sporting event instead of watching it live, 70% is being mugged, 90% is having a heart attack, and 100% is being sucked up into an F4 tornado. Have the client progressively alter their concerning item to fit into perspective of the other items.
REBT
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Chaining
Involves the series of smaller behaviors that are linked to the desired complex behavior. Each step is prompted and reinforced, strengthening all of the parts of the chain that move toward the desired behavior.
Behavioral Therapy
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Check Feelings, Thoughts, and Bodily Sensations Behind Their Story
Ask the client to describe what he/or she is feeling as he/or she describes something, or conversely what the client is thinking as he/or she is feeling something. Having the client check for a sensation in his/or her body may be helpful to remain in the present, fully aware. For example, the client may say he/or she is feeling tension in the shoulders as he/or she describes marital issues at this point, the therapist may say “allow yourself to breathe into the feeling in your shoulders and open up whatever associations come up and share what emerges.”
Humanistic Therapy
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Circular Questioning
This is a technique for interviewing and hypothesis validation in which each family member comments on the behavior and interactions of other family members
Systemic Family Therapy
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Clay
Clay can be used as art, or tied to other therapeutic goals, such as rolling it into a ball and smashing it, squeezing it through the fingers, or placing it in varying amounts to represent values of something, someone, or a decision.
Play Therapy
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Cognitive Restructuring
This involves identifying, challenging, and changing faulty beliefs and distortions in thinking through examining logic, testing the truth of the thought or belief, and finding alternative explanations. This commonly involves “looking for the evidence” of whether the thought or belief is true or false, with a logical analysis of “evidence for” and “evidence against.”
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
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Compliments
An essential part of this therapeutic style is seeking to validate clients for what they are already doing well and to reinforce what the client is doing that is working. Compliments may come in the form of a question such as asking how the client did something, thereby inviting the client to provide the compliment by answering the question.
Brief Therapy
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Confrontation
Because setting specific plans are a key element in this theory, when a client does not follow through on something, confrontation is not avoidable. The therapist cannot accept excuses, but works to be positive and may attempt to engage humor to address the issue. A question the therapist might ask is, “What impact will not taking steps have on you?”
Reality Therapy
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Confrontation
This is used by therapists to encourage client responsibility, looking at issues of taking responsibility for how others respond (“Why does my child yell at me?” “Because you allow him to. It is easier to give into a tantruming 8 year old than to bet the parent.”), presenting existing alternatives (“You don’t have to work 3 jobs to bankroll your capable 28 - year - old. You can set limits and refuse to be taken advantage of. What do you want to do about it?”), taking responsibility for change (“Shall we continue to talk about this or do you want to take action?”), and considering time (“Knowing what you know now, how long to you plan to wait to take action? Five years?”)
Adlerian Therapy
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Contract
This is an essential element with all clients, individual and group, establishing the structure of the relationship, from the Child Ego state perspective of how the client will be different as a result of work done. The contract is concrete, specific, and measurable.
Transactional Analysis Therapy
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Coping Question
This is a question designed to underscore resources the client has not noticed. For example, the client may be overwhelmed by daily life and reporting significant depressive or anxious symptomology. In response, the therapist reflects, “I hear you say things are overwhelming, yet I am struck by how you get up each day and do all that is required to get the kids off to school and get to work. How do you do that?” with genuine curiosity, providing truth, validating the client’s story (difficult feelings), and providing hope (drawing out coping skills).
Solution Focused Therapy
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Coping Questions
These are questions that serve as powerful reminders of how the client engages useful skills and tools, even when overwhelmed. Example: “How have you managed through this time?” This is an alternative means of accessing the client’s resiliency and level of determination.
Brief Therapy
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Decatastrophizing (sometimes called “what if”)
When using this technique, the therapist would have the client state his/or her feared consequence of a situation and then identify strategies for coping.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
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Decentering
This is helpful with anxious clients who believe they are the focus of others. The technique is to set up experiments to challenge the client’s belief and assist them to see that others are not focused upon the client, but rather daydream, attend to children, drive, bite their nails, or whatever the situation discloses.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
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Deconstruct the Problem
Using this technique, the therapist will assist the client in making the problem specific and manageable. For example, if the client reports, “My wife hen-pecks me, and I’m angry!” then there is no clear solution and the client’s emotional needs are not certain. The therapist helps the client be more specific: “When my wife gives me a list of things that have to be done when I walk through the door, I feel unimportant as a husband, like I am only a handyman who hasn’t just worked 10 hours to make our family bills meet,” and the therapist could offer, “So you want your spouse to empathize with the stress you’re bring home from working all day, recognizing you as a person, to give you a break?”
Narrative Therapy
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Deconstruction
This technique helps others understand what the problem means to the client. For example, the therapist might say, “Tell us what you see when the problem is present and what we will see when it goes away.”
Narrative Therapy
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Detriangling
The triangle is the smallest, stable relationship systems, but paradoxically is the most difficult for an individual to tolerate because there is always one person who is “on the outside.” Bowen talked about “putting the other with the other,” meaning linking individuals directly with one another rather than having the 3rd present to absorb the tension. It is imperative the therapist do the same with the therapist’s presence, specifically not taking sides.
Family Systems Therapy
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Devil’s Advocate
The therapist adopts the client’s belief and adamantly argues for the position while the client works to convince the therapist why the belief is dysfunctional. It is most useful when the client can see that his/or her position is irrational, but is struggling with understanding.
REBT
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Diversion
When anxious, a classic technique is to help divert one’s attention from anxiety, both in the short -term and in the long-term. Longer term examples are things like physical activity and hobbies, and shorter term examples are focusing on the immediate worlds around you (counting the bricks in the wall, looking for individuals wearing green or with red hair, inventing stories about the people around you), or working a puzzle.
Behavioral Therapy
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Double Standard Dispute
When the client is self-downing or holding a ‘should’ statement about his/or her own behavior, ask whether the client would hold another person (e.g. best friend, sister) to the same standard or label for doing the same thing, or recommend that the client hold the demanding belief for that person.
REBT
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Drama
Have the client draw who he/or she would like to be, asking reflective questions about what is drawn, identifying behaviors that the person has that could assist in problems/goals, then invite the client to engage in the behaviors (i.e. young children may select superheroes and act as if they are the superhero). Variants may be having clients take on an unfamiliar role to change perspectives or practice a new behavior, or act as themselves in a situation or as a symbolic character or family member .
Play Therapy
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Dream Analysis
This theory believes that images are a reflection of something within the person, and that the dream world could allow the individual access to the unconscious within the self, specific to the dreamer.
Jungian Therapy
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Dream Analysis/Interpretation
This theory considers analysis of dreams to be the pathway to the unconscious. Examining dreams assists in discovering psychic content - latent ideas full of repressed drives and emotions within the unconscious mind.
Psychoanalytic Therapy
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Dream Work
This technique does not involve the therapist interpreting or analyzing the dream, rather it assists the client in bringing the dream to life as if it were happening now with the client as part of the dream. The client details the dream with each entity, event, and mood, and then becomes each part (or parts are selected), and the client acts each as fully as he or she can, engaging dialogue with the parts. The dream is assumed to be a projection, with individual parts as the individuals own contradictory and inconsistent elements, and engaging each allows for unfinished business to be addressed and resolved
Gestalt Therapy
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Ecomap
The therapist will draw an Ecomap with the client to discover the social environment (conditions, circumstances, and interactions) surrounding the client, which will enable the therapist to see the interactions with multiple systems (friends, politics, religious, educational, vocational) that the client engages inputs and outputs. Draw the family household membership in the center circle, then engage the connecting systems with appropriate lines, which will indicate strength and direction of the relationship (i.e. strong, tenuous, conflicted, one way).
General Systems Theory
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Empathy
The therapist engages the client by understanding and sharing the feelings of the client, expressed through body language, eye contact, and general sensitivity.
Person-Centered Therapy
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Emphasis on Intention and/or Resistance
With most client actions, you can focus attention on the intention or resistance toward wholeness, or both depending on the situation and current status of the therapeutic relationship. For example, if the client focuses on his anxiety, the therapist can focus on how that keeps him from engaging in more productive pursuits and in living a more inhibited life. On the contrary, the therapist could focus upon the client’s tenaciously focusing on his health concern, and explore what would happen if he used that same intensity and strength in more productive ways. The therapist could ask about how he would be and what his life would look like, if he experiences his own tenacity and strength and if he can describe his tenacity and strength.
Humanistic Therapy
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Emphasis on Mutuality
The therapist maintains a client-centered approach and forges a connection along a human journey together, empowering the client through mutuality. This is opposed to a hierarchical relationship in which the client is evaluated, has treatment prescribed, and is considered successful when the treatment is followed.
Humanistic Therapy
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Emphasis on Transparency and Authenticity
The therapist is real and exists as a person in session, is open, honest, direct, and clear, within the context of the therapeutic relationship and in line with the client’s goals. For example, the therapist may share appreciation for the client’s strength and courage to stay with difficult feelings, or share the experience of feeling detached from the client, as though not making a strong contact or connecting on the issue at hand
Humanistic Therapy
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Empty Chair
The client addresses an empty chair as if another person (typically someone significant to them) or aspect of themselves (i.e. feeling, personality element) were present. A role-playing format ensues allowing exploration of the self. The client may assume more than one role and may move back and forth between chairs, depending on the issue, situation, and context.
Gestalt Therapy
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Empty Chair
The Empty Chair is used to represent the various ego states, with the client playing out the various states (Parent, Adult, and Child).
Transactional Analysis Therapy
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Encouragement
Having the client be an active participant in treatment helps the individual begin to see themselves as capable.
Adlerian Therapy
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Engaged Curiosity
The therapist engages genuine curiosity to draw the client out, encouraging the client to describe experiences of various life facets, such as employment, relationships, or hobbies. The therapist may wonder about what the client likes/does not like, how the client keeps moving forward, or what is held back in communications with a relationship.
Humanistic Therapy
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Everything is Everything
Assume coincidence does not exist, and what occurs in session is not an isolated, one-time event, but instead the client’s way of being. For example, if the client confuses appointment times, the therapist can assume this is a behavior that occurs in other relationships and explore this at an appropriate time the therapist and client can explore thoughts and feelings about this way of being, the meaning made from it, or if change is desired, start a deeper discussion on how the client conducts life in general.
Humanistic Therapy
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Exaggerating a Behavior
When using this technique, the counselor will have the client exaggerate specific movements to aid in understanding feelings. For example, if the client is talking about his teenage son, have him move like he does, which will intensify the client’s awareness and feelings about the son.
Gestalt Therapy
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Exception Questions
The therapist asks for a time when the problems were not problematic, discovering a time before the problem, a time the situation had less power, or perhaps a time of remission. This allows for discovery of strengths, skills, or tools the client may have deployed already to manage the situation, or assists the client in seeing the problem is not all-powerful and has not existed for all time.
Solution Focused Therapy
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Expand the Emotional Experience
When the client makes an emotional statement (i.e. “I feel out of control!”), the therapist will respond by asking the client to stay with the feeling, asking what it is like for them to be out of control, what it is like as they speak of it in the moment, how they feel as they speak, how they frame the experience, how they protect the self (if they did not, then what would occur), and finally validate the client’s responses of his/or her experience (i.e. “It must be hard to feel scared”) and then direct the partner/family members to engage as indicated (i.e. “And you feel she cannot protect you, tell her what that is like” “You cannot feel safe when he hits walls”), with the ultimate goal of pulling emotional expression that engages compassion and connection, meeting unmet attachment needs.
Emotionally Focused Therapy
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Exploration of Social Dynamics
At the core, the therapist believes the client’s issues are primarily social in nature.
Adlerian Therapy
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Exploration of the family constellation
In this theory, birth order, sibling interaction, parent interactions and the client’s sense of their psychological position in the family are important to enhance insight about how the client has selected life-style. Family constellation is not limited to the immediate family, but rather to those present at home during the formative time of the client
Adlerian Therapy
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Exposure
Assist with coping skills (e.g. breathing exercises, progressive relaxation, positive self-talk), then have the client enter the feared situation that he/or she avoids in a planned, deliberate way using applicable coping skills. Exposure assists the client in learning that the fear may be survived, builds confidence in coping, and increases tolerance for discomfort.
REBT
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Exposure Therapy
This is a technique targeted for anxiety disorders involving exposure of the client to the feared object or the feared situation without any danger and for the purpose of overcoming their anxiety response.
Behavioral Therapy
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Externalization Technique
The client is asked to add a preposition to the behavior or characteristic he/or she desires to change. For example, instead of “I am anxious,” the client is encouraged to say, “I am currently living with anxiety,” which is followed by the therapist asking, “when did you discover anxiety first entering your life?
Narrative Therapy
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Fantasy Approaches
The therapist will walk the client through a guided imagery of a triggering event and encourage the client to share what is felt in the moment, increasing awareness of feelings through the triggering event.
Gestalt Therapy