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NCMHCE Exam > Research and Statistics (78) > Flashcards

Research and Statistics (78) Flashcards

1
Q

A correlation describes a ____________ between 2 variables

A

relationship

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2
Q

correlation describes a relationship between

A

two variables

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3
Q

a factor is also known as

A

an independent variable

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4
Q

AB Design

A

a pretreatment baseline measure is performed

the treatment is applied

measurement is taken after the treatment is applied

AB relies on comparing the treatment effect on either a single participant or group of participants.

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5
Q

ABAB Design

A

Measure a baseline (the first A)

the treatment is applied

Measurement is taken (the first B)

return to baseline or the withdrawal of treatment (the second A) is performed

The re-introduction of treatment is applied (The second B )

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6
Q

ANOVA

A

ANalysis Of VAriance

used with more than two groups or samples

Results of ANOVA tests are called f-ratios

Used with parametric data

Used with interval or ratio data

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7
Q

Are field studies considered true experimental or quasi-experimental?

A

Quasi-experimental

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8
Q

Are lab studies considered true experimental or quasi-experimental?

A

True experimental

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9
Q

Behavioral observations

A

Consider what happened before a target behavior, the behavior itself and its consequences.

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10
Q

Best fitting line is also known as

A

Regression line

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11
Q

Between Groups Design

A

Participants who receive the treatment are in one group

different levels of the independent variable are given to different groups of participants

one independent variable is given to one group and not to another group

the effect of the dependent variable is compared to each group receiving and not receiving the treatment

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12
Q

Case study vs experiment

A

one person is studied; not as controlled or objective as experiments.

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13
Q

Cluster Sampling

A

The population is divided into groups from which the researcher randomly selects an equal number of participants

Each group should represent the larger population from which it was selected

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14
Q

Coefficient of determination

A

The square of the correlation coefficient

an indicator of the percent of variance between variable

indicates how much the independent variable determines what the dependent variable will be

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15
Q

Confidence Interval

A

A range of values of a normal distribution of sample means which the population is expected to fall within

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16
Q

Confidence Level

A

The probability value of the confidence interval given as a percentage

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17
Q

Confidence Limit

A

the values of the lower end and the upper end of the range of the confidence interval

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18
Q

control group

A

independent variable is not manipulated in this group

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19
Q

correlation coefficient

A

ranges from -1 to 1, has both direction and magnitude

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20
Q

correlational method

A

research that examines relationships among factors does not determine cause and effect

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21
Q

dependent variable

A

variable measured in an experiment

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22
Q

double-blind study

A

experimenter and subjects do not know who is in control or experiment groups

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23
Q

experimental group

A

receives manipulation of the independent variable

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24
Q

external validity

A

ability to generalize results to groups outside the research study

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25
Q

homoscedasticity

A

the assumption that in multiple groups of data each group will have a normal distribution of data

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26
Q

how do you find the T-score when you are given the Z-score and standard deviation?

A
  1. Multiply the Z-score by the standard deviation
  2. Add the result to the mean
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27
Q

In a scattergram, the x-axis represents the:

A

independent variable.

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28
Q

In a scattergram, the y-axis represents the:

A

dependent variable

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29
Q

Incidence

A

Number of new cases of a disorder during a certain time period

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30
Q

Independent variable

A

Maniipulated in an experiment

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31
Q

internal validity

A

manipulation of the independent variable caused the effects

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32
Q

Leptokurtic

A

High peek

small range

scores are clustered together

not much variance in scores

33
Q

Level of significance

A

A point or the alpha level at which the researcher decides, usually p = .05 that the data in one group are significantly different than the data gathered from another group

in other words, using p = .05, we can be 95% certain that our results are not due to chance and a 5% chance that they are.

34
Q

Linear

A

linear means that given scattered points on a graph it is possible to draw a line through the scattered points on the graph that would best represent their distribution

35
Q

Magnitude

A

Strenght of correlation, expressed as a numerical value of “r”

36
Q

Mean

A

The average of all the scores

Adds up all the scores and divide by the number of scores

37
Q

Median

A

place scores in order from lowest to highest. The score that lies in the middle of all scores is the median. if there is an even number of scores, take the two scores closest to the middle, add them together and divide by two to get the median.

38
Q

Mesokurtic

A

normal bell-shaped distribution

39
Q

Mode

A

most frequent occurring score

40
Q

Multiple baseline design

A

improves generalizability by researching treatment that begins at different times in different groups in different settings

41
Q

negative “r”

A

inverse relationship between variables

42
Q

non=experimental research

A

descriptive research

correlational research

nothing is manipulated

associations between variables are determined by correlational techniques

takes less time and effort

explores information about variables that already exist to find relationships

used to predict outcomes

does not establish causal relationships between independent and dependent variables

43
Q

Non-linear

A

non-linear means that given scattered points on a graph it is NOT possible to draw a line through the scattered points on the graph that would best represent their distribution

44
Q

Null Hypothesis

A

the hypothesis that there is no difference between group A and group B

A and B are same

45
Q

One-factor ANOVA

A

the researcher is considering only one independent variable

46
Q

Person r is also known as

A

Person product moment correlation coefficient

47
Q

Pearson r is used when the scores are either ________ or ________

A

Interval
Ratio

48
Q

Percentile

A

a percentile tells what percent of the group scored the same or below a specific score

EX. if you scored in the 90th percentile you scored better than 90 percent of your peers, 10 percent scored better than you did

49
Q

Platykurtic

A

curve is flat and low
range of scores is large
scores are all over the place

50
Q

Prevalence

A

Statistics involving the presence of a disorder among a certain population at a certain time

51
Q

Random assignment of subjects

A

Control group and experimental group should be as similar as possible

52
Q

Reliability

A

Test gives consistent results over time

53
Q

Scientific statements

A

Testable, based on observations, linked to measurable outcomes

54
Q

Simple random sampling

A

Every participant in a given population has an equal chance of being included in the sample

The selection of one participant does not affect the selection fo another participant

55
Q

Spearman r is also known as

A

Rank correlation coefficient

56
Q

Spearman r is used when the scores are given as _________ scaled data.

A

Ordinal

57
Q

Standard Error of Estimate

A

The error in any prediction

58
Q

Standardization

A

similar procedures are used each time test is administered

59
Q

statistical significance

A

probability that a relationship happened by chance

60
Q

True of False

A negative correlation can be more significant than a positive correlation

A

True

61
Q

True or False

Correlations can be greater than 1

A

False

62
Q

True or False

Correlations can be linear or nonlinear

A

True

63
Q

True or False
Correlations can be negative or positive

A

True

64
Q

T-test

A

Used to determine is there a significant difference between the means of two groups of scores

there can only be two groups

the result of the test is known as the t ratio

if the t value is above the level of significance, reject the null hypothesis

used with interval or ratio data

used with parametric data

65
Q

Type I error

A

You have rejected the null hypothesis

what you are saying is that there is a difference between group A and group B because of some independent variable.

But the reason this is an error is that in reality there is no difference between groups A and B because of the independent variable

you have discovered nothing but you are saying you have discovered something

this is the worst mistake you can make. You are saying there is a relationship but there is no relationship.

These types of errors can literally kill someone.

66
Q

Type II error

A

You have accepted the null hypothesis

You are saying there is NO difference between groups A and B because of some independent variable but in reality there IS a difference.
You have saying you have discovered something when you have NOT

you are saying there is no relationship but there is a relationship

this type of error is like missing a shoe.

67
Q

Validity

A

test measures what it says it measures

68
Q

What are some methods of non-experimental research?

A

case studies

archival research

observational study

survey

69
Q

what are three forms of quasi-experimental research?

A

field experiments

developmental research

ex-post factor research

70
Q

what are three types of non-parametric tests of the null hypothesis?

A

chi square

mann-whitney y test

wilcoxon matched pairs signed rank test

71
Q

what are two parametric tests of the null hypothesis?

A

T-test

ANOVA

72
Q

What is necessary for inferential research?

A

Experimental conditions controlled

more than one level of independent variables

subjects are randomly assigned to groups

73
Q

when and on what type of data do you use non=parametric tests?

A

when the population distribution is NOT normal

the type of data is ordinal or nominal

74
Q

when and on what type of data do you use parametric tests?

A

when the population distribution is normal

the data is either interval or ratio scaled

75
Q

When would you use chi-square?

A

non parametric

nominal data

76
Q

when would you use the Mann-Whitney U-tests?

A

non-parametric

ordinal

only two groups

all participants are completely randomly chosen

non matched groups

groups are independent

77
Q

when would you use the Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Signed Rank Test?

A

Non parametric

Ordinal

Two groups

Matched groups

Two groups are dependent

78
Q

Within-Subject Design

A

An experiment where the same group of participants receives more than one treatment of independent variables sequentially.

Example: if you want to see the effect of eating specific foods on memory, the two treatments might be chicken and beef. The group of participants would eat chicken then take a memory test. Later the same group of participants would eat beef and take a memory test.
You would then compare the memory scores to answer the question of what treatment aids memory the most.

NCMHCE Exam (49 decks)

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