techniques

Question 1

list 5 mechanisms of action for HVLAT

Answer 1

immediate increase in ROM
reflex muscle relaxation 
release of endorphins  
pain modulation (inhibition)
reprogramming of the CNS via decreases in corticospinal and spinal reflex excitability

Question 2

what theory may be used to explain one of the machnisms of HVLAT?

Answer 2

the entrapment theory; this theory describes the release of entrapped synovial folds and fibro-adipose meniscoid structures that exist in the zygapophyseal joints

Question 3

list 5 mechanisms of action for soft tissue techniques

Answer 3

1. promote healing and repair; movement and graded stress promotes alignment of collagen fibres for optimum tissue strength and breaks abnormal cross-links
2. stretch abnormal tissues: lengthens contractile tissues by stretching sarcomeres and contraction knots, lengthens CT by short-term visco-elastic creep deformation and permanent plastic changes through micro-tearing and repair as well as remodeling tissue
3. reflex muscle relaxation: reflex neurological relaxation of muscle motor activity from stimulation of muscle tendon receptors; golgi tendon organ inhibition of alpha motor neurons and reciprocal inhibition from contraction of antagonist muscle
4. increase fluid drainage: changing tissue pressure gradients due to manual pressure, increases venous and lymphatic flow=immediate changes in mm tone
5. reduce pain: local tissue changes by drainage of pain causing metabolites (proinflammaotyr cytokines) released by PAN, and central neurological changes (modulation of pain at dorsal horn via activating local muscle mechanoreceptors causes inhibition of nociceptive signals at the spinal cord/ pain gate theory), activation of central (descending pain inhibitory pathways)

Question 4

list 3 mechanisms of action for articulation

Answer 4

1. Hypoalgesia: descending central inhibition and spinal mechanisms/ immediate reduction in local and remote pain sensitivity
2. Improved fluid drainage: within the joint trans-synovial fluid and around the joint liymph and pressure fluctuations
3. Stretch of capsule and CT around to joint increasing mobility

Question 5

list 5 mechanisms of action for MET

Answer 5

1. inhibition of pain by stimulating mechanoreceptors and descending inhibitory pathways
2. fluid drainage: contraction/relaxation influences venous and lymphatic drainage; within trans-synovial fluid; around the joint-peri articular lymphatics and blood vessels
3. improvement of proprioception and motor control: stimulating joint proprioceptors may allow the CNS to normalize coordination
4. stretch myofacial tissues (CT and contractile fibres)
5. reflex muscle relaxation (neurological / golgi tendon and reciprocal inhibition)

Question 6

list the 3 models of indirect technique

Answer 6

1. nociceptive model: decreases afferent (nociceptive) input; reduced pain and muscle reaction to pain
2. neurological model: decreases afferent (muscle spindle) input; reduced muscle guarding and tone
3. Fibroblast response; reduces fibroblast inflammatory response to tissue stress; decreased pain and inflammation

Question 7

list as many (up to 7) mechanisms of action for BLT, besides the 3 overall models on indirect technique

Answer 7

correct articular strain
release capsular and ligamentous tension
normalise joint dysfunction 
balance autonomic activity
promote synovial fluid circulation
relieve vascular congestion 
release nerve entrapment

Question 8

besides the 3 models of indirect technique, list some mechanisms of action for functional techniqUE

Answer 8

GOAL IS TO FIND A DYNAMIC BALANCE POINT OF AREA OR JOINT
restoring balance to one part of the body consequently causes other parts of the body to adjust their functions harmoniously so that the whole body operates in the optimal state
reciprocal and homeostatic balance
increase ROM and quality of ROM
remove restrictive barrier
address joint position

Question 9

besides the 3 models of indirect technique, what are some mechanisms of action regarding myofascial release?

Answer 9

reverse strain-induced morphological changes including fibroblast proliferation, growth factor secretion and reduced cell-cell contact after 60 secs
restore optimal function of fascia including sensing and transmitting mechanical forces and improving sliding and therefore function of peripheral nerves and their fascial sheaths
alter mechanical properties of fascia by breaking cross links and adhesions